摘要:

This research attempted to demonstrate some of the conditions that would influence the performance of generalized imitative behaviors in young children. Two experiments were conducted. The results of Exp. I indicated that generalized imitative behaviors can be very durable; only one of three subjects was influenced by a variety of reinforcement‐like procedures. Control over the behavior of all three subjects was obtained when a setting event involving the presence or absence of the experimenter was systematically varied. A second test of this variable was carried out in Exp. II. Results showed moderate to strong control over non‐reinforced imitations in four preschool child

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A program may have a low error rate but, at the same time, require little of the student and teach him little. A measure to supplement error rate in evaluating a program has recently been developed. This measure, called the blackout ratio, is the percentage of material that may be deleted without increasing the error rate. In high blackout‐ratio programs, obtaining a correct answer is contingent upon only a small portion of the item. The present study determined if such low response‐contingent material is read less thoroughly than programmed material that is heavily response‐contingent. Eye movements were compared for two versions of the same program that differed only in the choice of the omitted words. The alteration of the required responses resulted in a version with a higher blackout ratio than the original version, which had a low blackout ratio. Eighteen undergraduates received half their material from the high and half their material from the low blackout‐ratio version. The order was counterbalanced. Location and duration of all eye fixations in each item were recorded by a Mackworth Eye Marker Camera. On high blackout‐ratio material, subjects used fewer fixations, shorter fixation time, and shorter scanning time. High blackout‐ratio material failed to evoke the students

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-11

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children enrolled in a Head Start program were instructed to describe the contents of each of four boxes of toys. After the subject's initial description (baseline), the experimenter (model) described the contents of three boxes of different toys in alternation with the subject's descriptions. For one group, the experimenter used descriptive adjectives in his descriptions. In a second group, the experimenter used no adjectives of any kind. A marked increase in the frequency of descriptive adjectives was observed during the first description after modeling in the first group. This increase was maintained in successive descriptions at approximately the frequency used by the experimenter. Frequency of descriptive adjectives remained at zero or decreased in the scond group.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-19

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present experiment sought to develop a reliable procedure for measuring visual acuity in non‐verbal retarded children. Five non‐verbal retarded children and two literate adults were examined. The two adults were included in the experiment so that verbal communication with them could validate certain assumptions regarding the experimental procedures. By utilizing a lever press as the criterion response signifying a visual discrimination and employing the Snellen “E” discriminanda, a reliable subjective measure was obtained, not unlike those measures taken from verbal adults. Contrary to several antecedent procedures, a relatively precise measurement of subjective acuity was shown to be obtainable from non‐verbal retarded children. Additionally, the procedure was successful in evaluating the effectiveness of prosthetic lenses previously prescribed for two of the

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent study reported that motivated human male subjects were able voluntarily to inhibit penile erection in the presence of effective erotic stimulation (Laws and Rubin, 1969). However, because this study required attendance only to the display area of erotic stimuli, there was a possibility that inhibition resulted from their subjects not attending to the content of the stimuli. The present study utilized a procedure that guaranteed subjects' attendance to the content of the erotic stimulation,i.e., a description of the behavioral content of the erotic stimulus film. Nevertheless, every subject was able to inhibit penile erection almost as effectively as when no film description was required. Furthermore, the verbal description prevented the production of competing asexual stimuli; a technique that all subjects, in both the Laws and Rubin study (1969) and the present study, reported using to inhibit penile erection when no description was required. This suggests that although concentration on asexual stimuli may be the preferred method of reducing sexual arousal to erotic stimulation, penile erection can be inhibited by other methods.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The “pre‐delinquent” behaviors of six boys at Achievement Place, a community based family style behavior modification center for delinquents, were modified using token (points) reinforcement procedures. In Exp. I, point losses contingent on each minute late were effective in producing promptness at the evening meal. During the reversal phase, threats (which were not backed up with point losses) to reinstate the point consequences initially improved promptness but the last two of five threats were ineffective. In Exp. II, point consequences effectively maintained the boys' room‐cleaning behavior and, during a fading condition where the percentage of days when the contingency occurred was decreased, the point consequences remained effective for over six months, even when they were delivered on only 8% of the days. Experiment III showed that the boys saved considerable amounts of money when point consequences were available for deposits but saved little money when no points were available. Also, when points were given only for deposits that occurred on specific days the boys deposited their money almost exclusively on those days. In Exp. IV, point consequences contingent on the number of correct answers on a news quiz produced the greatest increase in the percentage of boys who watched the news and, to a lesser extent, increased the percentage of correct answers for the boys who watched the news. The results indicate that “pre‐delinquent” behaviors are amenable to modification procedures and that a token reinforcement system provides a practical means of modifying th

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-45

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-60

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1971.4-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY