摘要:

We conducted a test of the usefulness of behavioral methods to control occupational health problems by reducing workers' exposures to toxic chemicals. Four plastics workers were trained in nine behaviors selected for potential to reduce their exposures to styrene, a common chemical with multiple toxic effects. Behavioral measures indicated that the workers quickly came to emit most of the behaviors. Measures of air samples indicated that large decreases in exposures to styrene accompanied the changes in behaviors for the three workers who had been selected because they most needed relief from their exposures and because they had opportunities to control their exposures by the ways they behaved.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two stimulus control processes by which some parent‐child dyads occasionally escalate their aversive exchanges into progressively more coercive interactions are described. The compliance hypothesis suggests that aversive actions have instructional properties for the dyad and that parent compliance with such child instructions maintains behavior chains of increasing aversiveness. The predictability hypothesis suggests that social interactions are most likely to function as aversive stimuli in the dyad when delivered in unpredictable fashion by either party and that responses instrumental in reducing dyadic unpredictability maintain aversive behavior chains. Expectations derived from both hypotheses are evaluated in a series of correlational analyses of mother‐child interactions obtained in extended baseline observations of three dyads seeking psychological help for severe interactional problems. Results provide tentative support for the predictability hypothesis and suggest important avenues of further resea

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies are reported on the assessment and training of parent‐child interactional skills in developmentally handicapped mothers. Study 1 compared the interactions of eight developmentally handicapped versus eight nonhandicapped mothers during play with their young (6–25 months) children. Results showed that the former group generally interacted much less with their children and that they were less likely to praise appropriate child behavior and imitate child vocalizations. Study 2 attempted to remediate these deficits, using a training package consisting of discussion, modeling, feedback, social reinforcement, and self‐recording. Results showed, first, that the training did increase the targeted skills to well within the range found for the nonhandicapped mothers. Second, training effects generalized from the group instructional setting to the mothers' own homes. Third, newly acquired skills were generally maintained at or above levels found for the nonhandicapped mothers over a 5‐ to 10‐month follow‐up period. Finally, all seven children showed increases in vocalizations concomitant with parent training. The results suggest that developmentally handicapped mothers can be taught to provide more effective and stimulating interactions to their you

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The research was designed to validate procedures to teach apartment upkeep skills to severely handicapped clients with various categorical disabilities. Methodological features of this research included performance comparisons between general and specific task analyses, effect of an impasse correction baseline procedure, social validation of training goals, natural environment assessments and contingencies, as well as long‐term follow‐up. Subjects were taught to perform upkeep responses on their air conditioner‐heating unit, electric range, refrigerator, and electrical appliances within the context of a multiple‐probe across subjects experimental design. The results showed acquisition, long‐term maintenance, and generalization of the upkeep skills to a nontraining apartment. General task analyses were recommended for assessment and specific task analyses for training. The impasse correction procedure generally did not produce ac

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Generalization of four retarded children's object naming responses to stimuli in the natural environment was assessed after training with either objects or pictures of the objects. Generalization was typically greater after training with objects. In a second experiment, half of the stimuli that showed little generalization were retrained by alternating the original training object with an object that belonged to the same stimulus class as the training stimulus. The other half were simply retrained using the object. The alternating procedure resulted in substantial increases in generalization to untrained objects.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compared two procedures for improving the social interactions of three autistic children. In a peer‐initiation condition, confederates were taught to initiate interaction with the autistic children. In a teacher‐antecedent condition, teachers prompted the autistic children to initiate with confederates, who had been taught to reciprocate. Using an alternating treatment design, differential effects were found. The peer‐initiation procedure reliably increased the social responses of the autistic children, whereas the teacher‐antecedent condition increased the initiationsandresponses of the autistic children. In addition, longer chains of social interaction occurred during the teacher‐antecedent

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-59

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compared the accuracy of momentary time sampling (MTS) and partial interval recording (PIR) in estimating both absolute behavioral levels and relative change. A computer randomly generated runs of pseudobehavior varying in duration and rate and simulated MTS and PIR of each run. Results indicated that when estimating absolute behavioral levels, duration rather than rate should be used as the dependent measure, and MTS is more accurate than PIR. In contrast, PIR is the more sensitive method for detecting relative changes in behavioral levels, although, at high rates, PIR tends to underestimate the degree of change.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated a commonly used component of brief time‐out, in which release from time‐out is delayed contingent on the occurrence of disruption. Data were collected for one normal and two mentally retarded children on time‐out‐producing behaviors (aggression and disruption) as well as delay‐producing behaviors during time‐out (loud vocalizations, out‐of‐chair, aggression, and disruption). The results of a combination ABAC reversal and multiple‐baseline design indicated that, under the conditions used in this investigation, both delay and no delay variations were effective in reducing the frequency of the target behaviors. Implications for the use of time‐out to reduce aberrant beha

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-79

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Testicular self‐examination (TSE) can lead to early diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer, the third leading cause of death in young men. We evaluated the effectiveness of a brief and specific checklist for teaching TSE skills. Ten men were videotaped while performing testicular self‐examinations before and after training. The TSE training resulted in large and significant increases in the number of TSE steps completed and duration of the TSE. Two urological validation measures supported the improvements observed in the mens' self‐examinations. Subjects reported continued performance of TSE during a follow‐up telephone interview. This pilot study indicates that a brief and specific checklist is an effective strategy for teaching early cancer detection

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-87

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated the effects of reciprocal peer tutoring combined with group reinforcement contingencies on the arithmetic performance of 12 underachieving fifth‐grade students. Results indicated that the intervention increased the students' arithmetic performance to a level indistinguishable from their classmates during treatment and 12‐week follow‐up phases. Pre‐, post‐, and follow‐up sociometric data indicated that the students who participated in the treatment groups increased their amount of peer affiliation with other treatment gr

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1986.19-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY