ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Present research and legislation regarding mainstreaming autistic children into normal classrooms have raised the importance of studying whether autistic children can benefit from observing normal peer models. The present investigation systematically assessed whether autistic children's learning of discrimination tasks could be improved if they observed normal children perform the tasks correctly. In the context of a multiple baseline design, four autistic children worked on five discrimination tasks that their teachers reported were posing difficulty. Throughout the baseline condition the children evidenced very low levels of correct responding on all five tasks. In the subsequent treatment condition, when normal peers modeled correct responses, the autistic children's correct responding increased dramatically. In each case, the peer modeling procedure produced rapid achievement of the acquisition criterion which was maintained after the peer models were removed. These results are discussed in relation to issues concerning observational learning and in relation to the implications for mainstreaming autistic children into normal classrooms.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Delayed reinforcement, sometimes delivered just after the setting in which the critical behavior had occurred (Early), and sometimes delivered only after several further settings had been encountered (Late), was used to improve a variety of behaviors in seven preschool children, and to control their generalization. Performance of those behaviors was measured in two classroom settings: the Contingent setting, within which performance of the specified behavior determined the later (Early or Late) reinforcement, and the Generalization setting, in which there were no experimental contingencies, immediate or delayed, for the performance of the same behavior. Performances by all children in the Contingent setting were controlled by delayed reinforcement, whether Early or Late. All children showed consistent generalization from the Contingent setting to the Generalization setting during the Late condition, when reinforcement was delivered at the end of the school day. Generalization did not occur during the Early condition, when reinforcement was provided immediately after the Contingent setting (prior to the Generalization setting), unless that condition had been preceded by a Late condition (as it was for S6and S7). The results suggest that the Late timing of delayed reinforcement was an effective and efficient generalization‐promotion technique for performances that did not generalize spontaneousl

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research has shown that stuttering may be attenuated by a variety of response‐contingent consequences. To date, however, few attempts have been made to develop comprehensive clinical procedures based on the operant manipulation of stuttering. The present research examined the efficacy of self‐initiated response‐contingent time‐out from speaking in two exeperiments involving a single subject. Multiple baseline designs were used in which the subject's speech was monitored in a variety of laboratory and community settings. In Experiment 1, the time‐out procedure produced reliable reductions in disfluency across all observational settings. Experiment 2 combined a response‐cost contingency with time‐out in an attempt to increase the reliability with which the subject timed himself out, and to increase further the effectiveness of the procedure. Increases in reliability were produced, and the associated improvements in fluency were maintained at 6‐ and 12‐

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-25

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study assessed the effects of a flexible work schedule (“flextime”) on time allocated to children and spouse by federal workers. Direct behavioral observations of family, home, and work functions were precluded because of the cost involved in observing many people for long periods of time. In order to obtain detailed individual data, participants completed hour‐by‐hour activity logs a mean of twice per week for 35 weeks. Participants received prior training on log completion, initial feedback on the detail of their log entries, and were prompted to complete the forms. Four different procedures assessing reliability indicated a corroboration rate of 80% with other sources. Log data were reliably reduced to nine categories such as “PM time with children” and 37 subcategories such as “time at dinner.” The log data were presented in time‐series form and the use of a quasi‐experimental design showed that participants who altered their work schedule were able to spend more PM time with their families. The log data demonstrated that the capacity exists to assess closely the effects of large‐scale changes at a micro‐behavioral level, but other methods are needed to make complex self‐reporting systems less expensive and more capable of immediate monitoring of t

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several aspects of ward routine were changed to study the effects of environmental manipulation on the behavior of 21 psychogeriatric patients. Furniture was rearranged to be more conducive to conversation (i.e., grouped around tables instead of along corridor walls), and mealtime routines were changed to allow patients more time to eat, more freedom in choosing the composition of the meal, and more pleasant surroundings. Patients were divided into experimental and control groups, and data were collected on the frequency of verbal and tactile communication and degree of skill in eating behavior. Following baseline, environmental changes were introduced across behaviors. Results show that the frequency of communication increased for the experimental group, as compared to both baseline and the control group. Eating behavior also improved significantly for the experimental group. The study shows that minor changes in the physical environment can promote therapeutic change in the behavior of patients diagnosed as senile dementia.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In order to affect more rapid response acquisition for autistic children, researchers have recently begun to investigate the functional relationships of reinforcers to other components of the operant conditioning paradigm. Previous research suggested that functional relationships between target behaviors and reinforcers might be especially effective. For example, locating a reward inside a container might be a more efficient way to teach a child to open the container than by handing the child a reward for opening an empty container. The present experiment assessed, within a multiple baseline design, the possibility of improving autistic children's learning by changing arbitrary response‐reinforcer relationships (while holding target behaviors and reinforcers constant) so that the target behaviors became functional (i.e., a direct part of the response chain required for the child to procure the reinforcer). The results showed that: (1) arranging functional response‐reinforcer relationships produced immediate improvement in the children's learning, and resulted in rapid acquisition of criterion level responding; and (2) high levels of correct responding initially produced by functional response‐reinforcer relationships were continued even when previously ineffective arbitrary response‐reinforcer conditions were reinstated. The results are discussed in terms of understanding and improving autistic children's l

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined classroom‐based instruction in restauranting skills for handicapped persons. Three male students were taught each of four skill components in sequential order: locating, ordering, paying, and eating and exiting. Training was implemented in a multiple baseline design across subjects and consisted of modeling and role playing in conjunction with photo slide sequences and a simulated ordering counter. The use of a menu containing general item classes and a finger matching procedure for identifying errors in the delivery of change greatly reduced the reading and math skills necessary to enter and complete the program. Periodic probes were conducted in a McDonald's restaurant prior to, during, and up to one‐year following the termination of training. In addition, two probes (overt and covert observation) were conducted in a Burger King restaurant to assess further generalization to a location different from the one depicted throughout training. Results showed that students' performance on restaurant probes improved as a result of training, generalized to novel settings, maintained over an extended period of time, and was comparable to that of a normative sample of nonretarded pers

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two major features of the overcorrection procedure, restitution and positive practice, were analyzed for their educative and suppressive properties in the treatment of profoundly retarded adults. Positive practice techniques that were topographically similar and dissimilar to the target behavior were studied. Eating behavior and puzzle performance were observed. Restitutional overcorrection and both forms of positive practice were effective for suppressing inappropriate behaviors. Even when appropriate behaviors had been acquired by positive practice, restitution and dissimilar positive practice were generally ineffective for increasing their rate of occurrence. However, topographically similar positive practice was successful as a means of teaching new appropriate behaviors.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-71

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Feedback has been widely used in efforts to control the consumption of electricity. Previous efforts, however, have used forms of feedback that seem economically impractical. The present study examined the effects of a feasible program of monthly feedback. Forty matched nonvolunteer participants were randomly divided into two groups: a no‐contact control group and a monthly feedback group. In an A‐B‐A design, the data showed a clear decrease in electricity consumption for the feedback group during the feedback phase. The effect was maintained during a 4‐mo intervention period. Withdrawal of the feedback was associated with a return to higher levels of electricity cons

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1981.14-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY