摘要:

This study examined the effectiveness of several behavioral techniques on compliance of college students taking vitamin C on q.i.d. regimen. Compliance was assessed by a new technique using a variation of the urine tracer procedure designed specifically for this study. Subjects were provided vitamin C tablets, with three tablets per week containing phenazopyridine, a drug that produces a bright red‐orange urine discoloration. Subjects were requested to indicate when urine discolorations occurred, and compliance was assessed by comparing the time of their report to the time predicted on the basis of the scheduled sequence of vitamin C and phenazopyridine tablets. Baseline compliance was assessed for 72 subjects over a three‐week period, with the 40 most noncompliant subjects randomly assigned to four groups for Treatment I. The groups were: self‐monitoring, taste, taste and self‐monitoring, and a no‐treatment control group. The self‐monitoring procedure involved recording the time medicine was taken; the taste procedure involved providing the subjects with flavored tablets to increase the saliency of tablet taking; and the self‐monitoring and taste procedure involved providing subjects with flavored tablets and asking them to record the flavor of each tablet they ingested. At the end of six weeks, half the subjects in each of these groups participated in response‐cost procedures while the remaining subjects continued with their previous procedures. Response‐cost procedures were implemented by returning a portion of the subjects' deposit only if a preset compliance criterion was met. Treatment II procedures were implemented for an additional three weeks. Results indicated the self‐monitoring and taste plus self‐monitoring procedures were superior during Treatment I. The implementation of response cost during Treatment II was associated with a marked improvement in compliance, independent of the history of noncompliance. The effects of the taste plus self‐monitoring procedure were maintained during Treatment II and results obtained by this procedure were not significantly different from e

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The significance of a helicopter patrol procedure directed toward prevention of home burglaries was evaluated from experimental and cost‐benefit perspectives. The helicopter patrolled one city zone from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. for two 12‐day periods. Each 12‐day period was separated by a baseline period in which only normal patrol‐car levels were maintained. Significantly reduced burglary levels during the intervention periods, compared to baseline periods, documented the experimental significance of the helicopter procedure. The cash costs of implementing the patrol procedure were compared to two estimates of the resulting cash benefits. This latter cost‐benefit analysis was supplemented by a discussion of the intangible costs and benefits of the helicopter procedure. Taken together, these analyses documented that the marginal costs of the helicopter intervention were exceeded by all estimates of

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-11

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of pre‐ and postorgasmic presentation of moderately erotic cues were assessed in an analogue study. Eight heterosexual male volunteers (18 to 23 years) participated in three assessment (baseline, termination‐of‐treatment, and two‐ to three‐month followup) and eight masturbatory conditioning sessions. Three slides of nude females of initially equal erotic value were paired respectively with the plateau, refractory, and resolution phases of the subjects' sexual cycles. Over treatment, stimuli paired with the plateau phase increased significantly in penile tumescence indices of eroticism; conversely, stimuli paired with the refractory phase decreased significantly. The conditioned effects on tumescence were largely extinguished at followup. While treatment did not alter short‐term subjective indices of eroticism, stimuli presented during the refractory phase were rated significantly less erotic than the other stimuli at followup. The findings suggest that the “pairing” model of orgasmic conditioning is insufficient to account for previously reported clinical findings. A broader conceptualization of the mechanisms of orgasmic conditioning, and implications for treatmen

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two issues relevant to competency‐based teacher training were investigated—the specification of acceptable implementation levels for validated techniques and the necessity and feasibility of providing training on those techniques. First, a descriptive study was conducted to collect data on two direct‐instruction teaching techniques—rate of presentation and signalling—that have been demonstrated to be functionally related to child performance in earlier studies. Data collected on 13 teachers, who received intensive preservice and inservice training, were then used as a standard for comparison in a multiple‐baseline design across three untrained teachers to evaluate the effects of training on the two techniques. The experimental study served to determine whether training on the two techniques was necessary; and, if training was necessary, whether a training package, including supervised practice, unsupervised practice, and self‐critique, would result in adequate implementation levels for the two techniques. Low implementation levels during baseline for three untrained teachers indicated that training was necessary. With training, all teachers increased their levels of appropriately signalling pupil responses and accelerated their rates of presentation well above the levels of the comparison standard. Observations made one week and again four weeks after training ended showed that performance levels achieved during training we

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-35

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An interrupted time‐series analysis of local directory‐assistance calls in the Cincinnati area from 1962 to 1976 revealed a significant reduction in the daily frequency of calls after charges were introduced in 1974. No reductions occurred in the daily frequency of long‐distance directory‐assistance calls, which remained free. The results attest to the efficacy of response‐cost procedures with large subject populations in the natural environment. The applicability of response‐cost procedures to social and business problems i

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment was designed to determine the relative effectiveness of teacher and counselling approaches in the reduction of disruptive or inappropriate classroom behavior. Inappropriate classroom behavior frequencies of 12 academically low achieving, seventh‐grade, black male students, with a reported high rate of inappropriate classroom behavior, were recorded. Three groups, with nearly equal mean inappropriate behaviors, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: behavioral counselling, client‐centered counselling, or no counselling. Each counselling group received fifteen 30‐minute counselling sessions, at a rate of two to three times a week. In addition to counselling, all students subsequently received teacher approval within the classroom. Results indicated that the teacher was able to reduce inappropriate behavior more than any counselling group. There were also indications that behavioral counselling, but not client‐centered counselling, was moderately helpful in reducing inappropriate classroom b

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Effects of serial and concurrent task presentation on skill acquisition, generalization, and maintenance were compared. Two severely retarded females participated. During serial training, items of one response class, tracing, were trained to mastery before those of a second task, vocal imitation. In the concurrent method, training on two different tasks, tracing and vocal imitation, alternated within sessions for fixed periods of time. There were no major differences between the serial and concurrent methods of instruction in the number of steps attained per behavior or in the number of trials required to reach criterion levels of performance. It was found however, that concurrent training resulted in more generalization. Retention results were not consistently related to training method.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-67

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of several prompting and reinforcement procedures on the participation of elderly citizens in a nutritious meal program. Experiment I employed a variation of the multiple‐baseline design across three groups of approximately 60 households each. Elderly persons not previously participating in the program were introduced to the following conditions: (1) public service radio announcements for four weeks to advertise the meal program and the availability of free transportation, (2) a home visit that served as a personal invitation and a second prompt for participation, (3) a followup telephone call, and (4) an incentive menu for participation, which was sent through the mail. Results indicated that the home visits and incentives were both effective as recruitment procedures and superior to other conditions; however, incentives proved to be the most cost‐effective intervention. Experiment II used a variation of the multi‐element design to compare the effects of scheduled activities and incentives in maintaining higher levels of participation by those persons who had attended the meal program at least once in the past, but whose current rate of participation was low. Results showed that activities improved attendance levels somewhat and that incentives substantially increased the number of meal program participants. Data from these experiments thus indicate that relatively inexpensive procedures may be used effectively to increase the extent to which elderly persons make use of potentially beneficial community‐based s

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-75

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A large research literature suggests that modelling in the absence of reinforcement for either the model's or the observer's behavior is a potent source of social learning. This literature is based entirely, however, on experiments using models that always display the critical behaviors. It is possible, therefore, that results obtained in these experiments would not generalize to natural settings in which modelling is intermittent. The effects of intermittent modelling were examined using three groups of 15 four‐ and five‐year‐old children. Male and female children from middle‐income families were individually exposed to an adult model who alternated descriptions of pictures of common objects. With one group, the model used no descriptive adjectives (color or number) in her descriptions after baseline; she used descriptive adjectives with 50% of the pictures with a second group, and 100% of the pictures with a third. Analyses of the data showed that the children substantially increased their use of descriptive adjectives in both modelling groups, but not in the no‐modelling group. The fact that there were no significant differences between the 50% and 100% modelling groups suggests that results obtained in studies using consistent modelling can be generalized to natural

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-87

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The natural rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval in ten grade‐seven classrooms were determined and compared with those described by White (1975). Although there were differences in the observation techniques used and the behavioral, cultural, and ethnic groups sampled, the results were similar. The majority of the teachers displayed individual rates of disapproval that were higher than their individual approval rates. The correlations between levels of on‐task behavior and approval and disapproval rates were low. The issues raised by these findings are discussed in terms of directions for further resea

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-91

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY