摘要:

The effects of contingent teacher attention on study behavior were investigated. Individual rates of study were recorded for one first‐grade and five third‐grade pupils who had high rates of disruptive or dawdling behavior. A reinforcement period (in which teacher attention followed study behavior and non‐study behaviors were ignored) resulted in sharply increased study rates. A brief reversal of the contingency (attention occurred only after periods of non‐study behavior) again produced low rates of study. Reinstatement of teacher attention as reinforcement for study once again markedly increased study behavior. Follow‐up observations indicated that the higher study rates were maintained after the formal program t

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mental hospital patients in a motivating ward environment were using the available reinforcers less than was desired. A procedure for increasing the frequency of using reinforcers was developed: all patients were required to engage in the reinforcing event each time it was available but the duration of this required participation was limited so that the event was merely sampled. The effect of this required sampling was experimentally evaluated for three different reinforcers: going for a walk, watching a movie, and attending a music session. More patients used each of the three reinforcers and to a greater extent when the sampling procedure was used. Participation was increased even for those patients who had already been using the reinforcers, demonstrating that the technique did more than provide simple familiarization. Some familiarization was involved since the participation was slightly increased even after the sampling procedure was discontinued. The technique appears to be especially applicable when reinforcers are being delivered infrequently.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Timeout procedures in the home and extinction and reinforcement of incompatible behaviors in the laboratory failed to eliminate the disruptive and dangerous climbing behavior of a deviant child. Punishment with electric shock was used to eliminate this behavior in the laboratory and then in the home. The effects were reversible and were restricted to specific stimulus conditions. A less severe form of punishment was used to eliminate the child's autistic rocking. Other behaviors of the subject were continuously measured in the laboratory to determine the side effects of punishment. No suppression of other behaviors correlated with punishment was noted. However, the rate of some behaviors increased when punishment was used to eliminate deviant behaviors, but these increases were, primarily, desirable.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-21

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of teacher behaviors on the classroom behaviors of children were investigated by systematically varying approving (praise, smiles, contacts,etc.) and disapproving (verbal reprimands, physical restraint,etc.) classes of teacher behavior. Measures were taken on both teacher and child behaviors. Each day a sample of 10 children was observed. The subject pool was a class of 28 well‐behaved children in a middle‐primary public school class. The results demonstrated that approving teacher responses served a positive reinforcing function in maintaining appropriate classroom behaviors. Disruptive behaviors increased each time approving teacher behavior was withdrawn. When the teacher's disapproving behaviors were tripled, increases appeared most markedly in the gross motor and noise‐making categories of disruptive behavior. The findings emphasize again the important role of the teacher in producing, maintaining, and eliminating disruptive as well as pro‐social classroom b

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-35

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Differential consequences were used to increase obedience and decrease aggressive behavior in a four‐and‐one‐half year old boy. Treatment was conducted in the child's home by his m

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A group of 12 children were enrolled in a preschool class. During the first experimental stage they participated in special events contingent on token earning. Tokens were acquired by engaging in a variety of study behaviors. After a level of study behavior was established under this contingency, the special events were provided noncontingently. Study behavior declined throughout the noncontingent stage. Reestablishing the original contingencies produced an immediate return to the initial level of study behavior. Noncontingent special events reduced the amount of independent study, group participation, and cooperative study. The study behavior of each child was altered in the same direction, though differences in the magnitude of effects from child to child were observed.

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-55

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An attempt was made to reduce the cigarette smoking of three subjects by means of a special cigarette case that delivered aversive shock when opened. The number of cigarettes smoked was recorded by a counter in the cigarette case. The validity of the counter readings as a measure of smoking was obtained by a specially designed participant‐observer technique. It was found that the rate of smoking decreased as a function of the intensity of the shock. Also, the smoking returned to its previously unpunished level after the shock punisher was discontinued. Both of these findings confirm the results of laboratory studies of punishment of simpler responses and extends them to more complex responses in a naturalistic situation. Surprisingly, the duration for which the apparatus was worn also decreased as a function of the intensity of the shock. This finding reveals that this aversive shock technique produced avoidance behavior that prevents the technique from having extensive applicability for eliminating smoking. The same limitation may apply to the use of aversive shock for eliminating other undesirable behavior

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-63

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of adult social reinforcement on the cooperative play of a five‐year old girl in a preschool setting was assessed under two conditions: (1) presented randomly throughout the school day, and (2) presented contingent on cooperative play. Only in the latter condition was a significant change in cooperative play observe

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-77

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-79

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY