ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A popular program among consumer action groups involves publicizing comparative food price information (CFPI) gathered from retail stores. Its significance is based on the assumption that publishing CFPI maximizes retail competition (i.e., moderates price levels or price increases) and occasions more frugal store selections among consumers. We tested these assumptions during a 2‐year analysis. Specifically, we monitored the prices of two distina market baskets in the supermarkets of two midwestern cities (target and contrast cities). Following a lengthy baseline, we published the prices of only one of the market baskets at stores in the target city in the local newspaper on five different occasions. The results suggested that reductions in price inflation occurred for both market baskets at the independently operated target stores. The corporate chain stores were not similarly affected. In addition, surveys indicated that many consumers used the CFPI as a basis for store selection. Finally, the analysis included a discussion of the politics, economics, and future of CFPI program

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stimulus shaping appears to be a highly successful way to teach discrimination skills. In stimulus shaping, the topographical configuration of the stimuli is gradually changed over trials so that discrimination is at first easy, and then gradually more difficult. Stimulus shaping procedures might also be effective for training visual‐motor tasks. Two experiments were conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of stimulus shaping and “traditional” prompting procedures. Pegboard skills were trained in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 a self‐care skill was trained, in which children learned to hang a toothbrush or a washcloth on a specific hook. Six low‐functioning retarded children were studied in each experiment, using a within‐subject alternating treatments design. Each participant received concurrent training on two related tasks, using stimulus shaping for one and a standard prompting procedure for the other. Training with the stimulus shaping procedure required less training time to criterion, always resulted in fewer errors, always required fewer and less intrusive therapist's prompts, and always resulted in greater density of reinforcement. These results demonstrate the value of stimulus shaping strategies for training visual

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the effectiveness of a contingency management program in preventing relapse to illicit opiate use and increasing treatment retention during outpatient methadone detoxification treatment. Twenty male opiate addicts were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Following a 3‐week methadone stabilization period, men in both groups received identical gradual methadone dose reductions during Weeks 4 through 9 and were maintained on placebo during Weeks 10 through 13. Beginning in Week 4, control patients received $5.00 for providing a specimen twice weekly. Experimental patients received $10.00 and a take home methadone dose for each opiate‐free urine specimen but forfeited the incentives and participated in more intensive clinic procedures when specimens were opiate positive. The contingency management procedure slowed the rate of relapse to illicit opiate use. Experimental patients provided significantly more opiate‐free urines during the methadone dose reduction in Weeks 4 through 9 than control patients, although the difference between groups was no longer significant during placebo administration in Weeks 10 through 13. In addition, the contingency management program improved treatment retention and reduced symptom complaints during the detoxification. The usefulness and limitations of contingency management procedures for outpatient methadone detoxification are disc

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-35

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the effectiveness of Barton and Ascione's (1979) package for training sharing in a classroom setting with six behaviorally handicapped preschool children, four of whom were also developmentally delayed. Individual responses in sharing and not sharing were examined. Training consisted of initial instructions, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal, followed by teacher prompts and praise regarding sharing directly in a classroom free play period. Introduction of training in a multiple‐baseline design across three pairs of children resulted in substantial increases in sharing for five of the six children. Results for negative interactions were less clear but suggested that concomitant decreases occurred for the same five children. The response analysis indicated that (a) individual components of sharing (offers, requests, and acceptances) all increased with training; (b) most children were more likely to initiate sharing through requests than through offers; (c) the proportion of sharing initiatives accepted by peers increased with training despite a much greater absolute number of initiatives; and (d) of the three negative behaviors (opposing play, taking without asking, and aggression) examined as incompatible with sharing, the most prevalent response was opposing other children's play. Individual differences in initial social repertoires and responsiveness to training were examined with respect to their implications for research and practice. Overall, the findings provide an encouraging indication of an intervention program for children with behavioral, social, and developmental handicap

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-45

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of a graduated prompting treatment procedure were analyzed in three phases of an experiment on the training and generalization of reaching‐grasp responding in 2‐ to 4‐year‐old blind, severely or profoundly retarded children. In Phase 1, we used a multiple‐baseline across‐subjects design to investigate the effectiveness of the treatment on midline reach‐grasp responding. In Phase 2, we used a reversal design to investigate the effects of repeated implementations and withdrawals of the treatment. In both phases, generalization to right and left positions was measured. In Phase 3, in a multiple‐baseline across‐responses design, the treatment was implemented in right and left positions. Also in Phase 3, shift of stimulus control from toy‐sound to verbal instructions was measured. The results showed that (a) the graduated prompting procedure was effective in training reach‐grasp responding in all three children; (b) for one child, the effects were durable over repeated applications of the treatment procedure, but were not maintained during withdrawals; (c) for another child, the treatment procedure was effective in teaching reach‐grasp responding in all three positions; and (d) for the same child, training of reach‐grasp responding generalized to toys presented without sound, given on

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-57

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated an approach for teaching an intermediate community living skill via a leisure‐dance activity to institutionalized severely and profoundly retarded persons. The targeted skill was considered as intermediate in contrast to a community living skill per se because it was based on successful performances of higher functioning, noninstitutionalized retarded persons as opposed to nonhandicapped individuals. Definitions for appropriate dancing were established and then validated through observations of the performance of retarded persons living in the local community. The dance skills were then taught to four participants through serial training in leg movements, arm movements, and coordinated leg and arm movements, plus follow‐up trainer supervision. Generalization was also programmed by way of multiple trainers and training settings. Results during structured assessments showed that all four residents acquired the dance skills and that both serial training and follow‐up supervision were necessary for skill acquisition. Generalized increases in appropriate dancing at dances attended by the participants and retarded persons from the community were also demonstrated. However, in most cases some active supervision by caregivers was needed to enhance the generalized improvements. Results are discussed in terms of the applicability of this approach for validating goals when training other community‐related skills to low‐functioning po

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-71

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We evaluated the effect of posting caloric information on food purchases at a cafeteria. Purchases of more than 14,300 entrees, vegetables, and salads by 6,970 customers were unobtrusively monitored via the cash register inventory control system during 15 evening observations. A quasi‐multiple‐baseline design across food groups was used to test the additive effect of labeling the three lowest caloric choices for vegetables, salads, and entrees. A linear logit analysis confirmed that labeling increased the probability of low calorie selections for vegetables and salads, but not for entrees. Observations of meals purchased by a subsample of 413 customers indicated labeling did not change the total caloric content of meals. The number of customers and total sales per evening were unaffected by the labeling intervention. The results suggest that manipulating environmental cues may be an effective method for changing food purchases in a cafeteria, but labeling individual items may not be the best way to decrease total calories purcha

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-85

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study, we assessed the effect of a transfer of stimulus control procedure on the acquisition and cross‐setting generalization of manual signs with four profoundly retarded individuals. Two individuals were trained to produce appropriate signs to verbal instructions, whereas the other two were trained until manual signs were controlled by visual stimuli (objects). Data obtained from three probe situations (two for one individual) constituted the dependent variables of the investigation. The results, gathered within a multiple‐baseline design across signs showed that (a) individuals acquired the trained signs and (b) maintenance and generalization across settings (classroom, ward) and persons (teachers, ward staff) occurred, but was highly variable between and within individu

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study, we describe the development and evaluation of a self‐instructional program for installing 10 low‐cost/no‐cost weatherization materials (e.g., weatherstripping, caulking). This program was a weatherization and retrofit manual (WARM) providing step‐by‐step instructions and illustrations. Boy and Girl Scouts participated and used either the WARM or existing product instructions (EPI) to apply the materials. Scouts installed the materials properly only when they used

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-105

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY