摘要:

Although showing superior maintenance, behavioral treatments of obesity typically produce small weight losses at a decelerating rate. Rather than reflecting poor compliance with treatment, these findings are consistent with known compensatory metabolic changes that operate to slow weight loss and promote regain. Other problems associated with dieting include failure of caloric regulation, hyper‐responsivity to food palatability, and hunger, which is greatest under conditions of moderate restriction and unpredictability of access to food. The inevitability of treatment failure in many instances must be faced and efforts made to prevent further worsening of the obese patient's self‐esteem. Prognosis and treatment planning may be aided by consideration of the historical difficulties of weight loss, the degree of hunger experienced on diets, which may reflect important physiological differences among individuals, and the use of food to optimize arousal level. Full involvement of the patient in setting goals and planning treatment is recommen

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment, designed to overcome shortcomings in previous work, was conducted to investigate the potential symptomatic benefits of relaxation training in the treatment of asthma in children. Fourteen chronic, severely asthmatic children received three sessions in which they rested quietly, followed by five sessions of relaxation training, and finally three sessions of relaxing as trained previously. Pulmonary function was assessed, in a manner far more definitive than in previous studies, before and after each session, and three additional times at 30‐minute intervals thereafter. Tension in the frontales muscles, heart and respiration rates, and skin temperature and conductance were also monitored. Heart rate and to some extent muscle tension results tended to confirm the attainment of relaxed states. However, the lung function results failed to substantiate the previous, preliminary findings of a clinically meaningful change in pulmonary function following relaxation. The status of relaxation in the treatment of asthma was discusse

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-27

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐nine insomniacs underwent four consecutive sleep laboratory evaluations before and after receiving tension‐release relaxation training, no‐tension‐release relaxation training, or no‐treatment. On the basis of the discrepancy between subjective and EEG‐defined measures of latency to sleep onset, subjects were classified as pseudoinsomniacs or idiopathic insomniacs. As predicted, tension‐release relaxation was significantly more effective than the other two conditions on subjective sleep measures, regardless of insomnia subtype and on objective sleep measures only for idiopathic insomniacs. Subjective improvement was maintained at 12‐month followup. Numerous differences between the two subtypes emerged on pretherapy and during‐therapy measures distinct from the latency measures, but changes on those variables were unrelated to ou

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Behavioral contracting was used to encourage physical exercise among college students in a multiple‐baseline design. Subjects deposited items of personal value with the experimenters, which they could earn back on fulfillment of two types of contract contingencies. Subjects selected weekly aerobic point criteria, which they could fulfill by exercising in the presence of other subjects. In addition, subjects contracted to observe and record the exercise of other subjects and to perform an independent reliability observation once each week, with both of these activities monitored by the experimenters. Results indicated that the contract contingencies produced increases in the number of aerobic points earned per week for seven of eight subjects, that the aerobic point system possesses several advantages as a dependent variable for behavioral research on exercise, and that inexperienced observers could be quickly trained to observe exercise behavior and to translate those observations into their aerobic point equivalents. Finally, in a followup questionnaire completed 12 months after the end of the study, seven of the eight subjects reported that they were earning more aerobic points per week than had been the case during the baseline condition of this experimen

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-55

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hyperactive boys on methlyphenidate (Ritalin), hyperactive boys on placebo, and comparison boys were observed in quasi‐naturalistic classroom settings. Ambient stimulation (quietversusnoisy conditions) and source of regulation (self‐pacedversusother‐paced activities) were varied in a 2 × 2 design. Compared to their peers, hyperactive boys on placebo showed lower rates of task attention and higher rates of gross motor movement, regular and negative verbalization, noise‐making, physical contact, social initiation, disruption, and acts that were perceived as energetic, inappropriate, or unexpected. Self‐paced activities resulted in increased rates of verbalization, social initiation, and high‐energy episodes. High ambient noise levels reduced task attention and increased the rates of many other behaviors including verbalization, physical contact, gross motor movement, and high‐energy acts. Medication‐by‐situation interactions emerged for both classroom dimensions, with hyperactive boys on placebo being readily distinguishable from their peers under some classroom conditions and indistinguishable under other conditions. Moderate relationships were found between teacher ratings and many individual behavior categories. Discussion focused on (a) the merits and limitations of a social ecological research perspective, and (b) the implications of these findings for the design of inter

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-65

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to analyze behaviors of staff and patients on a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). In the first study, behavioral observation procedures were employed to assess patient state, physical position, affect, verbal behaviors, visual attention and activity engagement, and staff verbal behavior. On the average, one‐third of the patients were judged to be conscious and alert but markedly nonengaged with their environment. In the second study, a member of the hospital staff provided alert patients with individual activities to determine whether a simple environmental manipulation could positively affect behavior of children in intensive care. Employing a reversal design, the activity intervention was found to increase attention and engagement and positive affect, and to decrease inappropriate behavior. Both studies demonstrate that behavioral assessment procedures can provide an empirical basis for designing PICU routines affecting children's psychosocial status, and, thus, complement current procedures designed to provide quality medical car

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-83

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Direct biofeedback of blood pressure was compared with frontal EMG biofeedback and with self‐instructed relaxation for the treatment of essential hypertension in a controlled group outcome study. Patients were followed up for four months after the end of treatment. Generalization of treatment effects was assessed through pre‐ and posttreatment measurements of blood pressure under clinical conditions in a physician's office. There were no significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the patients receiving blood pressure biofeedback decreased 8.1 mm mercury (p= 0.07) and the SBP of the patients in the relaxation condition decreased 9.5 mm mercury (p= 0.05). In the generalization measures, there were significant reductions in SBP for the relaxation group. The results are discussed in terms of the general lack of replicability within the area of biofeedback treatment of hypertens

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-99

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study compared four treatment approaches to cigarette smoking: (1) a nicotine fading procedure, in which subjects changed their cigarette brands each week to ones containing progressively less nicotine and tar; (2) a self‐monitoring procedure in which subjects plotted their daily intake of nicotine and tar; (3) a combined nicotine fading/self‐monitoring procedure; and (4) a slightly modified American Cancer Society Stop Smoking Program. Thirty‐eight habitual smokers were assigned to one of the treatment groups. The study had two goals: (1) to achieve a clinically significant percentage of abstinence, and (2) to reduce the nonabstainers' smoking to a “safer” level by having them smoke low tar and nicotine cigarettes. The 18‐month followup results showed that the nicotine fading/self‐monitoring group was the most successful: 40 per cent were abstinent and all who had not quit were smoking cigarettes lower in tar and nicotine than their baseline brands. Half the nonabstainers had decreased their rate of smoking relative to baseline while the other half had increased. Furthermore, the fading/self‐monitoring group achieved the largest reductions from baseline in daily nicotine and tar intake (61% and 70% respectively). The results suggest that the study's goals were achieved and that the nonaversive combined procedure could be used to treat not only habitual smokers but also smokers with severe cardiovascular and respiratory problems, because it does not have some of the inherent limitations of the successful aversive smoking cessa

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-111

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐four migraine patients were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) self‐monitoring of headache activity (waiting list), (b) frontalis EMG biofeedback, (c) digit temperature biofeedback, and (d) digit temperature biofeedback plus Rational‐Emotive Therapy (RET). Bidirectional control over the target physiological response was assessed through a reversal design in each session. Following at least a four‐week baseline, the three biofeedback groups received 8 to 10, 30‐minute sessions of bidirectional biofeedback training, scheduled twice a week. Subjects in the combined digit temperature biofeedback plus RET group received three 40‐minute sessions of RET as an addition to the third, fifth, and seventh biofeedback sessions. Records of daily home practice were kept throughout treatment and three‐month followup. Subjects on the waiting list monitored headaches for at least five months, corresponding to “baseline”, “treatment”, and three‐month followup. Digit temperature biofeedback alone and in conjunction with RET did not prove to be more effective than the control conditions. All the EMG subjects reduced headache activity to two‐thirds or less of the baseline level by the third month of followup. Bidirectional digit temperature performance did not improve with training, was demonstrated in only 33% of the biofeedback sessions, was not maintained over time, and was unrelated to improvement in headache activity. EMG subjects reported biofeedback performance to be an easier task and met the performance criterion on 85% of the sessions. The frequency of home practice contributed over 55% of the variance in retrospective estimates of headache improvement but was not related to changes in daily rec

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-127

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A central component of a commonly used weight‐loss procedure developed by Stuart (1967), which emphasizes situational engineering (SE), was compared to eating behavior control (EBC), a treatment employing reinforcement of changes in eating habits. A third treatment encouraged development of individuals' own applications of a model of self‐control and attempted to provide effective feedback regarding progress toward weight‐loss goals. This self‐initiated treatment (SI) was designed to be less directive than many behavioral treatment packages and to be more realistic about the expectations of subjects and the actual eating habits of overweight and normalweight people. Following baseline, treatment lasted six weeks and followup lasted 16 weeks. While all treatments produced weight losses, EBC surpassed SE during treatment. SI losses during treatment did not differ from SE or EBC, but SI was the only group that lost weight throughout followup, indicating the possible utility of more subtle, less directive interventions than those that have often been associated with behavioral approaches. The results of SE question the applicability to clinical procedures of the external cue hypersensitivity theory of obesity (Schachter and Rodin, 1974), to which SE is closely

ISSN:0021-8855    

DOI:10.1901/jaba.1979.12-141

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY