摘要:

ABSTRACT.An account is given of work published during the past 10 years incriminating species of phlebotomine sandflies as vectors ofLeishmaniaspecies which infect man.An assessment is made of the degrees of certainty of the vectorial roles of eighty‐one species and subspecies of sandflies (thirty‐seven Old World and forty‐four New World) in the transmission of twenty‐nine leishmanial parasites of mammals. At least one species of sandfly is considered to be a proven vector of each of ten parasites.Of the eighty‐one sandfly taxa, evidence is judged to be sufficient to incriminate nineteen as proven vectors (elevenPhlebotomusspecies and eightLutzomyiaspecies or subspecies) and evidence for a further fourteen (ninePhlebotomusspecies and fiveLutzomyiaspecies or subspecies) is considered to be strong.The suggested criteria for incrimination of a vector are anthropophily and common infection with the same leishmanial parasite as that found in man in the same place. More weight should be given to natural infections persisting after the digestion of a bloodmeal than those in the presence of blood. Supporting evidence is a concordance in the distribution of the fly and the disease in man, proof that the fly feeds regularly on the reservoir host, a flourishing development of the parasite in infected flies and the experimental transmission of the parasite by the bite o

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Sympatric occurrence of homozygotes for two electro‐morphs controlled by a locus for octanol dehydrogenase, and the absence of heterozygotes, at two localities, indicates two isomorphic species within the taxonAnopheles minimusTheobald in Thailand. This view is supported by significant, relative deficiences of heterozygotes at other electromorphic loci. Gene frequency data are reported for seven electro‐morphic loci inAn.minimus sensu latofrom eleven localities: one of the newly recognized species predominated in all but one locality and the second was confined to two localities. This species pair ofAn.minimus s.l.was clearly distinguished fromAn.aconitusDonitz,An.pampanaiBiittiker&Beales andAn.varunaIyengar, three species closely related toAn.minimus s.l.in the series Myzomyia ofAnophelessubgenusCel

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00256.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT..An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect cattle grub‐infested animals in the autumn in Alberta has been developed. Antibody toHypoderma lineatumde Vill. was detectable as early as 6 weeks post‐infestation in artificially infested steers. Peak antibody concentrations preceded the peak in maximum ‘apparent’ grub numbers which occurred between 37 and 43 weeks after infestation. Natural infestations withH. lineatumandH. bovisL., ranging from one to ninety‐two grubs per calf, were readily detected by November and the incidence of false positives in uninfested calves was only 5%. Low level (1–4 grubs) infestations ofH. bovisonly became detectable in February with peak antibody concentrations occurring at the end of April. Prevalence of cattle grub infestations in southern Alberta was shown to be 37% duri

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00257.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The tsetse immune system has recently been shown to be involved in trypanosome maturation; lectin secreted in the midgut, normally responsible for preventing the establishment of midgut infections, induces established midgut trypanosomes to mature. We now show that a second lectin, present in tsetse haemolymph, is essential to complete the maturation process. Interactions between tsetse lectins and parasite surface coats probably determine trypanosome transmissibility and may be partly responsible for the distribution of trypanosomiasis in Africa.

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00258.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Aedes aegypti(L.) mosquitoes showed a significant reduction in susceptibility to infection with Ross River virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus when they were fed on a blood‐virus mixture containing rabbit antibodies to mosquito midgut components. Presence of the antibodies did not demonstrably affect virus titres in infected mosquitoes, nor the transmission of virus from infected mosquitoes to vertebrate

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00259.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The unusual structure of the mouth hooks of the third instar larvae of the species ofGasterophilusandGyrostigma, parasites of the alimentary canal of Equideae and Rhinocerotidae respectively, is described.

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1. Bait trapping at upland sites in England and Wales, mainly at 400–700 m altitude, showed thatCalliphora vomitoriaL. usually outnumbered all other blowflies.C.vicinaR.‐D.,C.loewiEnd. andC.alpinaZett were usually present in much lower numbers, with the last‐named occurring at north Pennine sites, but being replaced byC.subalpinaRingd. at a south Pennine (Peak District) and a Welsh site. Catches normally includedCynomya mortuorumL., andPhormia terraenovaeR.‐D. was present at about half of the sites, usually in low numbers.2.Luciliaspp. (predominantlyL.caesarL.) were often abundant in catches at 300–430 m, but were absent or rare at 500 m and above, except at certain times.3. Exposure of mouse carcasses at north Pennine upland sites, and rearing of adults from them, showed that they were colonized in a very indeterminate variable way byC.vicina, C.loewi, C.alpinaandCy.mortuorum, with dominant and subsidiary species varying in identity and numbers within periods as short as 3 weeks.4. Sampling of large carcasses, i.e. hill sheep casualties in Co. Durham, showed thatC.vomitoriapredominated as the blowfly colonist, withC.vicinaandCy.mortuorumin much smalle

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Stimuli which modulate oviposition ofP.papatasiwere investigated to improve insectary breeding efficiency. Oviposition and survival of gravid females were observed weekly during April‐December 1987, in plastic cages at 28±1oC with L:D 17:7. Oviposition of controls was subject to seasonal variation despite the relatively uniform insectary conditions. From April to mid‐October (summer), mean weekly oviposition ranged from 11.6 to 18.6 eggs per fly, dropping to 1.4 eggs/fly in November (winter). Monthly yields of eggs were found to correlate with the seasonal cycle of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. This was attributed to an endogenous rhythm since the flies were not normally exposed to UV under insectary conditions.Short exposure to UV sources of 254 nm and 312 nm, but not white light, raised the low rate of oviposition in October‐November from 1.4 to 16.8–29.6 eggs/female/week, but female mortality also increased highly significantly. It is suggested that the seasonal oviposition cycle ofP.papatasiis set by levels of UV irradiation.In the warm season oviposition was promoted, as compared to controls, by furrows in plaster of Paris lining the bottom of cages (29.6 v. 10.2 eggs/ female) and by cow manure in the cages (39.7 v. 18.2 eggs/female), but the combination of both stimuli gave no greater fecundity (40.9 v. 20.9 eggs/ female). Oviposition decreased when larvae were present (3.9 v. 15.0 eggs/ female) and in half‐volume cages (3.9 v. 12.5 eggs/female/week). Under standard insectary conditions, mean weekly mortality‐rates ofP.papatasifemales were 18.3±4.8% in October‐November and 36.5–59.1% during the warmer months. None of the experimental conditions yielded any significant improvement

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vectorPhlebotomus argentipesAnnandale&Brunetti is widely distributed throughout the Indian sub‐continent and S.E. Asia. The absence of VL in areas such as Sri Lanka has been attributed to the zoophilic nature ofP.argentipes, since they were not recorded biting man.Field studies onP. argentipeswere undertaken in the central highlands of Sri Lanka, near Kandy, in May 1988. Male sandflies outnumbered females on cows by 19:1, and were regularly spaced at all densities. This behaviour is considered analagous to swarming in other Nematocera. However, all‐night human‐biting catches show the biting rate to be similar (mean=8.4, range 2–25 bites per night over ten consecutive nights) to that in N.E. India where VL is endemic. This anthropophagy was maintained during laboratory colon

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Distributions are reported for commensal rat fleas, predominantlyXenopsylla cheopis(Rothschild), in the State of Maharashtra, India, including the city of Bombay, during 1965‐80. TheX.cheopisflea index was high in most parts of Maharashtra, but low in Bombay.Rattus rattusLinnaeus is the principal host ofX.cheopis, but the host range includesBandicota bengalensisGray,Golunda elliotiGray,Mus musculusLinnaeus,Rattus blandfordiThomas,R. norvegicusBerkenhout,Suncus caerulaeusLerr,S.murinusLinnaeus andTatera indicaHardwicke.X.cheopiswas found to have high degrees of resistance to DDT, mala‐thion and fenthion, tolerance to γHCH (=‐γBCH) but susceptibility to dieldrin. This insecticide resistance situation may contribute to the high flea indices prevailing in the state, with consequent risks of plague outbreaks.Two other species of rat flea,X.astiaRothschild andX.brasiliensis(Baker) were found to be less common than previously recorded. Their apparent replacement byX. cheopisis tentatively attributed, at least partly, to the selective advantage of insecticide resistance in the latter

ISSN:0269-283X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY