ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00579.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00580.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.In any discussion of the eye problems of the premature retinopathy of prematurity is today the major problem. Four areas where progress is needed suggest themselves. Further work needs to be done on the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP), particularly with regard to Zone 2 disease where 75% of the disease is concentrated. Treatment of Zone 1 disease is the next important area in terms of its outcome and the critical question of whether to use cryotherapy or laser. The third area which needs open discussion is the problem of screening prematures in excess of 1250 g birth weight and 32 weeks gestational age. In the United States, this constitutes hundreds of thousands of infants and is well beyond the capabilities of the ophthalmic community interested and knowledgeable in the techniques of examining these premature eyes. Finally, the other important area is the striking difference between the infant of today and the infant of the previous ‘epidemic’ of the forties and fift

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00581.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Guidelines for screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and indications for treatment are well established, but implementation of screening and delivery of treatment may be problematical. We have performed a national survey of 118 specialised units dealing with at risk neonates to audit current practice in Britain and to identify practical problems with screening and with treatment. A screening policy for neonates at risk is in practice at 97% of units, performed by consultant ophthalmologists in 86% of centres. Units referred to specialised treatment centres in 23% of cases. An average of 54 infants at risk of ROP were screened by each of 118 units throughout Britain in 1993, and approximately 3% of these infants underwent treatment for ROP. Cryotherapy was used for treatment in 85% of units, laser photocoagulation in 51% and both treatment modalities were used in 36% of units. Less than 1/4 of the neonatologists polled were of the opinion that they should be trained to screen for ROP themselves. These results show that the screening guidelines have been successfully implemented in Britain, but demonstrate a wide variation in practice. Problems with screening and treatment are discussed.

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00582.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This review analyzes progress in the field of infantile strabismus and amblyopia. Only works which are of clinical interest have been reveiwed. A brief survey is provided also of subjects matter of international debate, as surgery for accommodative esotropia, the prism adaptation test and the use of sectors for amblyopia treatment. Mention is made of new developments in the field which are not yet applicable to clinical practice. Finally, progress in the approach towards ocular nystagmus is considered as well.

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00583.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.According to the general principles of screening, detection of visual impairment in children is worthwhile, since the condition is a serious health problem, reliable diagnostic tests are available and effective treatment is possible in most instances of ocular and visual dysfunction. However, an evaluation of the screening procedures has not been properly done and the cost‐benefit of screening has not been studied. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic analysis of the screening programs for detection of visual dysfunction. In the screening two parts can be separated, one that concerns the more serious ocular and visual conditions which have to be discovered by general survey methods very early in life, and one that involves detection of less serious conditions, mainly amblyopia, which can be diagnosed by testing for monocular reduction of visual acuity at about 3–4 years of age. The performance characteristics of the screening programs used in Sweden and Canada were evaluated and found to be very favourable. Based on the analysis and the evaluation, recommendations are made on programs for vision screening in children that could be applied more widely. The program could involve all or parts of the following:1) A careful inspection of the eyes in the neonatal period and preferably also examination of the red reflex with the ophthalmoscope.2) Children at high risk for ocular and visual disorder, i.e. those born prematurely before 32 weeks of age, or with genetic disease, hearing deficit and/or neurological and mental disorder, should be examined at the proper age by an ophthalmologist.3) All staff at pediatric departments and child health care centers should be familiar with the visual development of the normal baby and should be alerted to the various symptoms and signs which first warn parents that there may be a visual defect. An inspection of the eyes to detect squint should be part of all pediatric examinations.4) A screening test of monocular visual acuity in 4 year‐old children can be reliably performed by non‐ophthalmic personnel after proper training. The screening test should be repeated by school nurses during the first grade of school, and at regular intervals during the school years.5) The children that screen positively should be seen by ophthalmologists, and in some cases by orthoptists, without undue delay for diagno

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1395-3907    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY