ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Salk Vaccine Field Trial was a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial designed to test the efficacy of the Salk killed virus vaccine. Although the trial was not without some problems, both in design and analysis, none was important enough to raise serious questions about the results. Thus, the design of the Field Trial was well adapted to the demanding requirements. The trial owes its success in a large part to substantial public involvement. In designing future, large‐scale, simple trials, we may still be able to benefit from the lessons of the Polio Vaccine Tr

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis report first describes the efficiency achieved by a large scale clinical trial (GISSI), which is widely recognized as having made an important contribution to the therapy of AMI, and second emphasizes how a comprehensive research project based upon an innovative clinical trial methodology can influence the attitude and the scientific productivity of a professional community operating within a national health system. To understand the methodology of GISSI, one must appreciate both the cultural and institutional setting in which the first GISSI trial took place as well as the strong economic and scientific expectation surrounding the second GISSI trial.

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe U.S. Physicians' Health Study, a primary prevention trial of low‐dose aspirin in the reduction of cardiovascular disease and of beta‐carotene in lowering cancer risk, implemented a number of design strategies to decrease costs and increase efficiency. These included the choice of physicians as the study population, use of a factorial design, implementation of a pre‐randomization run‐in phase, and the collection of pre‐randomization blood specimens. The use of these strategies enabled us to enroll 22,071 subjects and maintain high compliance and long‐term follow‐up at a fraction of the usual cost of large‐scale trials of pri

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent investigations conducted in Indonesia have identified an important role for adequate vitamin A nutriture in preventing mortality in young children. A randomized, community‐based trial of vitamin A supplementation in northern Sumatra demonstrated a 34 per cent reduction in mortality among pre‐school aged children who received twice yearly vitamin A supplementation. These results have stimulated renewed interest in vitamin A as a potentially important mediator of improved child survival. Cost and efficiency considerations are important in these types of trials but must be balanced with logistical constraints that are unique to these environments. A number of these issues are discussed and some general guidelines are proposed for such investigati

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe major cause of death in sickle cell anaemia is from infection, especially infection caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. Meningitis, pneumonia and septicaemia caused by this organism are the primary types of infection leading to death. Children under three years of age are at highest risk. We have known for over twenty years that approximately 30 per cent of the infants born with sickle cell anaemia will become infected in the first three years of life and one‐third can be expected to die from the infection. These data were the reason that we conducted the Prophylactic Penicillin Study (PROPS), a trial to investigate the effectiveness of oral prophylactic penicillin in preventing severe infection due toS. pneumoniae.This investigation was a very efficient, cost effective study because of its timeliness and its conduct within the framework of an ongoing study. Moreover, the question being answered was simple and focused with up‐to‐date data that permitted accurate estimates of sample size and inci

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe basic principles of factorial designs are briefly reviewed and estimating equations for a 23factorial design are presented in order to show how easily the basic idea of the 2 × 2 factorial design generalizes to higher dimensions. Fractional factorial designs are explained and advocated for situations in which the number of experimental groups might otherwise become unmanageably large or costly. Actual examples of use in medical settings are presented for both a 23full factorial and a half‐fractional 24design. A new class of designs calledreciprocal control designsis proposed for certain disease screening studies. An example is provided by a study designed to screen for lung, colorectal, and prostate cance

ISSN:0277-6715    

DOI:10.1002/sim.4780090112

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY