摘要:

AbstractAt 13 and 20 months, infants' featural knowledge of self and parent was assessed separately with mother and father. Infants' featural knowledge was measured by a scale that included tasks reflecting infants' knowledge of facial features, spatial location, name, possession and gender. No significant relation between attachment status and featural knowledge was obtained at 13 months when tested with either parent. At 20 months, in contrast, more complex featural knowledge of self and parent was demonstrated by infants who were securely attached than by those who were insecurely attached. Independent of age, however, infants' featural knowledge of their mothers was more complex than that of their fathers, although no differences in self‐knowledge were obtained as a function of parent gender. These data are understood in the context of cognitive development and the differences in interactional qualities assessed by attachment status and parent gende

ISSN:0961-205X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo assess childhood family influences on adolescent sexual activity, 69 boys were studied in sixth grade and again in tenth grade. Boys' self‐restraint in sixth grade was hypothesized to mediate the effects of family influences on number of sexual partners four years later. Family scores included observed family interaction patterns, sons' reports of parents' child‐rearing practices (rejection, support, child‐centered/indulgence), and household composition. In different models, Time 1 family scores and sons' self‐restraint accounts for 34 and 48 percent of the variance in sons' subsequent sexuality. As predicted, regression analysis revealed that restraint mediated family influence at Time 1 on the number of sexual partners at Time 2. Notably, intact family, supportive family and child‐centred/indulgent parenting were associated with T1 restraint which in turn, was associated with sexual activity. Additionally, family/parenting scores were directly associated with adolescents' sexuality. In discriminant analyses, family scores predicted boys' status as virgins/nonvirgins four year later with greater than 70% success. Discussion focuses on the nature of the family influences and the mechanisms by which they relate to adolescent male

ISSN:0961-205X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to investigate differences in the types of traits used to describe familiar people. In the first study, adults were asked to make judgments about a variety of traits. This resulted in the identification of two types of traits, psychological (based on internal beliefs and abilities) and behavioral (based on behavioral characteristics). In Study 2, subjects (74 children aged 8 to 11) were asked to describe one liked and one disliked individual by circling 6 descriptors from a list of 30, including 10 psychological traits and 10 behavioral traits. Fourth and fifth graders, but not third graders, preferred psychological traits over behavioral traits. The use of behavioral traits decreased with age, while the use of psychological traits remained constant. Children preferred psychological traits when describing a liked other.

ISSN:0961-205X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of maternal expressiveness and children's gender on children's nonverbal expressiveness were assessed in two settings. In the laboratory, 30 boys and 30 girls of kindergarten age were unobtrusively videotaped while talking about happy, sad, and fearful experiences and while experiencing three social situations designed to elicit happy, disappointed, and apprehensive feelings. Videotapes were rated for emotion expression, using global ratings and EMFACS codes. In school, teachers rated these children's expression of four discrete emotions. In both the laboratory and school settings children were more positively expressive than negatively so, and positive and negative expressiveness were unrelated. In the laboratory children's positive expressiveness was consistent across the three social situations, but negative expressiveness varied across affective context. In both settings, children of low‐expressive mothers were more positively expressive than children of high‐expressive mothers, who tended to be more negatively expressive than children of low‐expressive mothers. The difference in negative expression appeared most striking for anger. Gender was not predictive of children's expressiveness in either s

ISSN:0961-205X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJudgments concerning personal identity were studied in children and adolescents. Each subject was asked to imagine entering a hypothetical machine which simultaneously produced two persons, with each person receiving one of four sets of the subject's characteristics: physical, active, social, or psychological. Subjects were asked to judge which of the resulting persons was most nearly identical with the self. Results from the first study with middle‐class Americans demonstrated that the social characteristics are most frequently chosen by young adolescents. With age, the physical characteristics were less frequently selected and the psychological characteristics were more often selected. In Study 2, middle‐class American children between the ages of 6 to 7 judged the psychological characteristics of self most important in preserving identity, even though their self‐concepts as elicited by other methods appeared physicalistic. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for accounts of self‐concept deve

ISSN:0961-205X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY