摘要:

Abstract.Leucoptera psophocarpellasp.n., a minute lyonetiid moth (wing‐span ±4 mm) whose larvae damage the leaves of winged‐bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobusDC.) (Leguminosae) in Papua New Guinea, is described from the adult, larva and pupa. This species is known locally as the ‘winged‐bean blotch miner’ because of the characteristic damage caused by the larvae. Figures are given of the diagnostic external, venational and genitalic characters of the adult and chaetotactic and morphological characters of the larv

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and tribes of the Vespoidea (= Diploptera) are investigated using cladistic methods. A natural classification is proposed, sequencing seven tribes in six subfamilies within the single family Vespidae.Euparagiais the sister‐group of the rest of the Vespidae. The Gayellinae and Masarinae are sister‐groups, and are reduced in rank to tribes within the subfamily Masarinae. This is the sister‐group of the Eumeninae + Stenogastrinae + Polistinae + Vespinae. The Zethinae is a paraphyletic group; both it and the Raphiglossinae are deleted and included in the Eumeninae. The Stenogastrinae is regarded as the sister‐group of the Vespinae + Pol

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpecies of the genusAgra, several hundred described and many more undescribed and whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina, have long been of interest to collectors, amateurs and professionals alike. However, these elegant beetles are rarely collected due to their adaptation to life in tropical forest canopies. A clear understanding of their phylogeny and distribution may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium/flood‐zone hypothesis. The present paper initiates a major attempt at constructing the systematic framework from which such syntheses may be obtained. New methods of description are used to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. Sixteen new species ofAgraare described from the following type localities:coleps(Cayenne, French Guiana),pseuderythropus(Cayenne, French Guiana),oiapoquensis(Oiapoque, Amapá, Brazil),falsisagax(Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil),dryas(Oiapoque, Amapá, Brazil),cobra(type area—French Guiana),perinvicta(SéTo Paulo d'Olivença, Amazonas, Brazil),invicta(type area ‐ Amazonas, Brazil),ega(Ega [Tefé], Amazonas, Brazil),rhomboides(type area ‐ French Guiana),yoda(Pariacabo, French Guiana),pennyi(Parque National Amazonia, 63 km southwest of Itaituba, Pará, Brazil),mniszechi(type area ‐ French Guiana),sphenarion(Tarapoto, Peru),saltatrix(Tarapoto, Peru),maxli(Ega [Tefé], Amazonas, Brazil). Twenty‐five species found to be arrayed in four natural subgroups are described. Their cumulative range extends from Peru east to the mouth of the Amazon River and north along the coast to Guyana; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.Distribution and relationships are discussed in general showing that species subgroup ranges correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes of organisms, but detailed cladistic and biogeographic analyses are deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of Section Eryt

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Some groups of insects, such as certain Ichneumonidae and fungus‐feeding Phlaeothripidae, appear to have undergone frequent reversal or parallelism (homoplasy) of characters during evolution so that extant species present almost every imaginable permutation and combination of characters. Recognition of holophyletic genera in such groups is difficult. Large monothetically defined genera are often not holophyletic, whilst small genera need to be defined by a large and invariable character‐suite. Any classification produced by adopting small genera will not possess one of the valuable attributes of the classical Linnaean system, its predictive ability; a large proportion of new species will require new genera. For groups exhibiting a high degree of homoplasy it is suggested that a polythetic classification be erected. Polythetic genera can be holophyletic groups and are not merely phenetic assemblages. The probability of correctly assigning a species (either a new one or when making an identification) is shown to be higher for a polythetic classification. A simple key device, the polyclave, is given to enable practical separation of two polythetic taxa. It is suggested that homoplasy, and its associated problems in classification, may be associated with a particular type of biology in which population size is not limited by direct competit

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe genusPhanoperla (=DyaperlaBanks, 1939) (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlini) is revised and generic diagnoses are provided for adults and larvae. Diagnostic and constitutive characters of the tribe Neoperlini are discussed, andChinoperlaZwick, 1980, is shown to be the closest relative ofPhanoperla.Many past misidentifications ofPhanoperlaspecies have been corrected by the use of characters recently recognized as important, namely the structure of the internal genitalia of male and female specimens and particularly the complex pattern of spines on the male penial sac made visible by eversion of this structure, and details of sculpturing of the egg chorion.The following species ofPhanoperlaare recognized:amorphasp.n.;anomala(Banks, 1939);bakeri(Banks, 1924);ceylonicaKawai, 1975;comutasp.n.;flaveola(Klapálek, 1921), comb.n. (=clarissa(Banks, 1913),syn.n.), (=Neoperla hageniBanks, 1920, syn.n.), (=N.consimilisBanks, 1924,syn.n.); guttatasp.n.;himalayanaZwick, 1977 (=siwalikaHarper, 1977);limosa(Hagen, 1858);maculatasp.n.;maindroni(Navas, 1926), comb.n.;malayanasp.n.;minutissima(Enderlein, 1909);nana sp.n.; nervosaBanks, 1939;nuwaraKawai, 1975;omegasp.n.;pallipennis(Banks, 1938);parvasp.n.;pumilio(Klapálek, 1921), comb.n.;peniculusKawai, 1969a;schmidisp.n.;sertispinaJewett, 1975;srilankasp.n.;sumatraesp.n.;testacea(Hagen, 1858);weddasp.n.P.claggi(Banks, 1938) is anomen nudum.All species are (re‐)described and figured; all primary types have been examined. A key to species is provided. Most species can be assigned to one of seven species groups which are defined.Phanoperlais endemic to the Oriental Region. Species groups are generally widespread, but individual species are in most cases known only from restricted ar

ISSN:0307-6970    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY