ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA methodology is developed and applied to a data collection consisting of questions in order to discern the nature of the cognitive need “to know”: the information need. The experimental design for the generation and formulation of questions was achieved by means of a “closed” problem situation. A “closed” problem situation has within it sufficient and available data with which to reach solution of said problem. The question is an observable behavioral act which reflects information need. Because it is a hypothetical construct, information need had to be operationalized indirectly via the question as the dependent variable and the data input as the independent variable. The varying of this independent variable was achieved by partitioning the “closed” problem. Two experimental hypotheses guided this methodology for a “closed” problem situation:H1where the number of questions generated varies directly as the Information need varies, andH2where the number of questions generated varies inversely as the data input varies. The results of the statistical analysis supported the indicated trend to decreasing questioning activity as the data input rose. The results of the linguistic analysis revealed a consistent question formulation pattern between the two “closed” problems. Thus it follows in theory that the nature of information need can be discerned indirectly through question gen

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a bibliographic information system the database consists of a set of document representatives. Part of each document representative is a list of index terms whose function is to identify the content of the document represented. These index terms can be derived using an automated process. It is argued that automatic methods do not result in the best set of index terms being assigned to a document representative. A mathematical model is proposed which describes an information system which includes a method, document learning, of improving the set of index terms assigned to a document representative.

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes a three‐year experimental programme organised jointly by the two Universities as the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network Development (BLEND). The aims are to assess the cost, efficiency, and subjective impact of such a system, and to explore and evaluate alternative forms of user communication through an electronic journal and information network. Using a host computer at Birmingham University, a community of initially about 50 scientists (the Loughborough Information Network Community—LINC) will be connected through the public telephone network to explore various types of electronic journal. The concept of the electronic journal involves using a computer to aid the normal procedures whereby an article is written, refereed, accepted, and “published.” The subject of this experimental programme will be “Computer Human Factors.” Each member will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication such as newsletter, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences, cooperative authorship, etc. Throughout the project relevant data will be gathered to enable the assessment of system and user performance, cost, usefulness, and ac

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral of the drawbacks of conventional information retrieval systems can be overcome by a design approach in which queries consist of sets of terms, either unweighted or weighted with subjective term precision estimates, and retrieval outputs are ranked by probability of usefulness estimated in accordance with the so‐called “maximum entropy principle.” A system organized along these lines combines the convenience of a simple input language with a powerful probabilistic inference mechanism capable of exploiting kinds of statistical clues not ordinarily used in systems of traditional design. The sensitivity of the maximum entropy principle to the frequencies and joint frequencies with which terms have been assigned to documents in the collection results in a system design of increased power and expressiveness without a concomitant increase in the complexity of the request language. It incorporates the more important search capabilities of both Boolean and conventional weighted‐request languages and facilitates the use of unconventional searc

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes an approach to designing decision support systems (DSSs) for academic library management. A DSS should be tailored to the unique task environment and individual preferences of a particular manager. Such a system extends the decision‐making capabilities of a manager by supplementing judgment and experience with computer technology. The development of a DSS for academic libraries, which enables a manager to retrieve profiles of user productivity, resource utilization, and resource availability is explored. A database schema is presented which relates various database components for management reporting. Finally, consideration is given to implementing the user productivity, resource utilization, and resource availability subsystems in progressive stage

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe SPEEDCOP (SPEIIing Error Detection correction Project) project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and the error types analyzed. The results, which were consistent over the different databases, showed that the expected incidence of misspelling is 0.2%, that 90–95% of spelling errors have only a single mistake, that substitution is homogeneous while transposition is heterogeneous, that omission is the commonest type of misspelling, and that inadvertent doubling of a letter is the most important cause of insertion errors. The more frequently a letter occurs in the text, the more likely it is to be involved in a spelling error. Most misspellings collected by SPEEDCOP are of the type colloquially referred to as “typos” and approximately 90% are unlikely to be repeated in normal spans of

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews the principal correlational studies employing citation counts as criterion measures for assessing the impact of scientific scholarship. The rationale and limitations of such measures and studies are discussed. New evidence on the validity of citation criteria is presented based on a sample of 870 cancer research papers, divided into three groups (“first‐order” papers, abstracted in the Year Book of Cancer; “second‐order” papers, listed but not abstracted in the yearbook; and “average‐order” papers, a representative cross section of research papers unlisted in the yearbook). Results consistently show that highly rated papers are more highly cited over the ensuing five years after publication, or when controls are introduced for self‐citations, for the influence of listing in the yearbook, and for language and country of authorship. The implications of re

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe concept of entropy, from the second law of thermodynamics, has been used by numerous writers on information theory. Basic relationships between entropy, order, information, and meaning have been observed by writers in disciplines as diverse as biology, economics, information science, the arts, and religion. This article, while not attempting comprehensive treatment, cites representative extensions of the concept, including its use as metaphor.

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCurrent research on information retrieval suggests that greater attention be given to the study of information habits and needs of users of information. It has also been suggested that the user be viewed more broadly as existing within interacting cognitive, emotional, and social systems. In this study it was hypothesized that (1) 13 sources of information would cluster into several distinct types; (2) information source use by a random sample of educational practitioners in British Columbia, Canada (n= 1078) could be predicted by position, education level, experience, dissemination habits, attitude toward information, and sense of isolation from information; (3) educators would differ in their reaction to a list of 11 desirable characteristics of information; and (4) educators would differ in the extent to which they viewed 10 problems in finding and using information as influencing their work. Findings from a questionnaire analysis revealed that (1) position, dissemination, and attitude were strong predictors of information use, education was a moderate predictor, and experience and isolation accounted for low percentages of the variance; (2) information sources clustered into three orthogonal factors: close at hand traditional sources, less accessible print sources, and organized interpersonal sources; (3) all 11 characteristics of information were considered relatively important with attitude toward information strongly influencing responses; and (4) respondents did not generally feel that the 10 problems posed significant barriers in their use of information. The findings of the study offer support for the notion that information source use by educators is the result of a complex set of interactions among variables and examination of the interaction of personal, professional, and psychological attributes of users provides a useful beginning in understanding the dimensions influencing the use of information sources.

ISSN:0002-8231    

DOI:10.1002/asi.4630340111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY