|
1. |
Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 4, No. 52 |
|
Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 4,
Issue 52,
1888,
Page 51-56
Preview
|
PDF (342KB)
|
|
摘要:
ABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. No. 52. Session 1888-89. April 19th, 1888. Mr. W. Crookes, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Mr. James H. Gardner was formally admitted a Fellow of the Society. A certificate was read in favour of Mr. George Thomas Evans, The Terrace, Rhymney, Mon. The following were elected Fellows of the Society :-Ludwig Claisen, Ph.D. ; Joseph Cowper ; William Henry Dodd ; John Gill ; Frederick Preston de Jong ; Thomas Enracht Lindsay, B.A. ; Henry John Palmer ; Eugene MacSwineef ; John George Taylor ; John Cecil Watson ; Thomas Howell Williams ; James Woodward. The following Papers were read :-29. "The Influence of temperature on the composition and solu- bility of Hydrated Calcium Sulphate and of Calcium Hydroxide." By W.A. Shenstone and J. Tudor Cundall. The authors have with great care re-examined the effect of heat on liydratted calcium sulphate. They have experimented on specimens of natural as well as on obhers of artificial origin, and they find, contrary to the usual statements on the subject, that hydrated calcium sulphate parts with aportion of its water at moderate temperatures, e.g., 40" C., and that it may be almost completely dehydrated in dry air at temperatures below 100"C. Thus a specimen of selenite heated at 70"C. for 36 hours lost 20.14 per cent. of water. The effect of heat in diminishing the solubility OE calcium sulphate in water at temperatures between 40" C. and 150" C. may therefore possibly be due to the unequal solubility of the hydrated and anhydrous salts, It is pointed out that the divergent statements made on tliis subject by various experimenters may be ascribed to the facts :-(1.) That at temperatures below 100" C.the dissociation of hydrated calcium sulphate proceeds at first very slowly, so that in an experiment continued for a short period only the effect of heat may very easily be overlooked ; and (2) that specimens of hydrated cal- cium sulphate of diverse origin do not always behave in the same manner under identical treatment. The aiithors have not yet found any evidence of the dissociation of calcium hydroxide at moderate temperatures, even by means of extremely delicate and very prolonged experiments. This has led them to re-examine the influence of heat on the solubility of this compound, because previous experiments have, so far as they are aware, been made in glass vessels, which, as recent experiments have shown, may have been attacked.They find that when a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is heated at 150" C. in a platinum tube for some hours, the resulting solution contains only 1 part of hydroxide in 3081 parts of water. There is therefore no doubt that this substance is less soluble in hot water than in cold. But there seems to be no evidence at present in favour of the view that in this case diminished solubility also may depend upon the dissociation of the hydroxide, or of some hydrate of the hydroxide. 30. " Thermochemical Constants." By S.U. Pickering. Beats of neutralisation, the differences between the heat of forma-tlionof similar salts of different metals, and the amounts of hest evolved on the introduction of the same radicle into various members of homologous series are often expressed by constant values, the meaning of which may be easily understood ; but Thomsen (Thermochenz., 2) has also drawn attention to the fact that in many cases the heats of formation of analogous compounds, or the dijferences between their heats of formation, are multiples of constants. Thus :-P2,05 = 5 x 73,980, As2,05= 3 x 73,130, As2,03= 2 x 77,330. The existence of such a relatiohship, the author contlends, can have no possible meaning, and he accounts for the occurrence of such coincidences as being simple mathematical chances.Given ancertain number of quantities, it is easy to calculate the chances against any two of these being multiples, of some constant, allowing a certain latitude for error, which allowance, it may be mentioned, attains considerable dimenaions in many of the cases quoted by Tbomsen. Taking each case where an analysis of this description is possible, it is shown that there is a sufficient number of data to supply the coincidences observed by Thomsen. He also criticises Thomsen’s supposition as to the existence of a ‘‘ common constant of affinity,” a quantity the multiples of which by numbers up to 10 are supposed to represent various interactions, some of which are similar and others totally dissimilar (Ber., 5,170 ; 6,239).This constant Thomsen takes as being 18,631 cal.; but the author contends that any other number taken at random would have given similar results. Taking, for instance, 15,000 cal., he finds that, out of the data quoted in Thornsen’s second and third volumes, as many as 120 quantities are multiples of this number within the limits of error allowed by Thomsen; and out of these we may select a large number which represent actions just, as analogous as many of those quoted by Thomsen. For instance-Y,Cl, = 7 x 14,998, PCl,,CI, = 2 x 14,845, Ag,Cl = 2 x 14,690, K,Cl = 7 x 15,087, Ng,C12 = 10 x 15,101, K,Br,Ag = 6 x 15,038, Zn,Br,Ag= 6 x 15,160, Sr,S,Ag = 7 x 15,241, Ca,I,,Ag = 9 x 14,993.31. “The action of hot Copper on the mixed vapours of Phenol and Carboii Disulphide.” By Prof. Cnrnelley and John Dunn, University College, Dundee. When a mixture of phenol and carbon disulphide is passed over hot copper a new diphenylene ketone, melting at 83”,is obtained isomeric with the diortho-ketone melting at 84”, already known, the interaction being- BC,H,*OH + CS, + 4Cu = 2Cu2S + H,O + = 2Cu,S + H,O + Even undey favourable circumstances the yield only amounts to about 1 per cent. of the total mixture employed, as bg far theagreater portion (about six-sevenths) of the phenol passes over unchanged. 32. ‘‘ Oxidation of Oxalic Acid by Potassium Dichromate.” By Emil A. Werner. In this paper the author gives the resu1t)s of an exhaustive study of 54 the interactions of potassium dichromate and oxalic acid under dif- ferent conditions and in varying molecular proportions.The results obtained are different from those described by Mr. Bothamley in a recent communication on the sbove subject (C'hern. SOC.Truns., 1888, 159), and may be summed up in the following conclusions :-1. The red potassium dichromoxalate, K2H2C2(Cz04)4(OH), (Croft's salt), is in all cases, without emeption, a product of the interaction of potassium dichromate and hydrated oxalic acid below 200" C. 2. Neutral potassium chromate is never present as a product of trhc interaction of potassium dichromate and oxalic acid under any con- ditions below 200" C. 3. When the two compounds interact in the solid state, the initial emperature of the interaction, which lies between 50" and 60°, varies with the molecular proportions employed.4. The dehydration of the oxalic acid does not, affect the nature of the interaction, the anhydrous chromoxalate, KzCrz(C,04),, beiriq formed in this case, 5. Water, by its solvent action, facilitates the interaction, i.e., reduces the initial temperature, but is otherwise without influence on the nature of the change. 6. Seven molecules of oxrtlic acid is the minimum quantity necessary for the complete reduction of 1 rnol. of potassium dichromate, and airy excess o.f either above this ruth remains wchanyecl. 7. When the proportion of potassium dichromate to oxalic acid exceeds 1mol. to 7 mols., and the temperature of tfhe mixture is raised to low redness, a secondary iiiteraction occurs between the excess of dichromate and the red chromoxdate first formed.33. " Thc Action of Phenylhydrazine on Urea and some of its Derivatives." By Sidney Skinner, R.A., and S. Ruhemann, Ph.D. The authors give an account, of the action of phenylhydrazine on certain compounds nearly related to urea, describing several substances which complete the series of semic:whazides and carbazides both of oxy-and thio-urea, e.g., diphenylcarbazide, CO(NH*NH-Ph),,from phenyl-hydrazine and ethylic carbnmate or urea ; and diphenylsemicarbazide, Ph*HN*CO.NH*NH-Ph,from phenylurea and phenylhydrazine. The compounds which contain two direchly-linked nitrogen-atoms are found to exhibit a characteristic behavioiir with mild oxidising agents -cupric sulphate and mercuric chloride-yielding coloured com-pounds; and in this respect, they differ in a marked manner from urea.Biuret and pheiiylhydraziiie interact to form arnmonia and Pinner's phenylurazole. In the latter parc of the paper, the action of phenylhydrazine on parabanic acid and on alloxan is considered. 55 34. 6' Derivatives of Phenylisobutyric Acid." By L. Edeleanu, Ph.D. The derivatives described are paranitrophenylisobutyric acid, ni. p. 121" ; orthonitrophenylisobufyricacid, an oil ; parorthodinitrophenyl-isobutyric acid, m. p. 89O, and its methylic salh. 113. p. 76" ;nitroamido-phenylisobutyric acid, m. p. 138"; amidomethylhydrocarbostyril, m.p. 2143"; the last-mentioned being obtained by oomplete reduction of the dinitro-acid. 35. ''The Logarithmic Law of Atomic Weights." By G.Johnstone Stoney, F.R.S. A verbal explanation was given of a paper on this subject, which the author had that day read at the Royal Society. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Doizations. Chemical Essays, by R. Watson. 5 vols. leino. London 1787. From Dr. T. Stevenson. A Treatise 011 Alcohol with Tables of Spirit Gravities, by T. Stevenson, London 1888. From Dr. T. Stevenson. Ausfilhrlbhes Lehrbuch der Chemie, von H. E. Roscoe and C. Schorlemmer. Vierter Band : die Kohlenwasserstoff und ihre Derivate, oder Organische Chemie : zweiter Theil, dritte Abtheilung. Zweite Auflage, zweite Band, erste Abbheilung.From Sir Henry E. Roscoe, F.R.S. NOTICE TO AUTHORS OF PAPERS. To facilitate the preparatiori of fhe abstract accounts of the Pro-ceedings at the meetings of the Society, all authors are requested to furnish abstracts of their communications, and to send their papers so that +hey may be in the hands of the Secretaries, if possible, on the Monday before the day of meeting. Authors are also requested to write on their papers the addyess to which they wish proofs to be sent. 56 The following lectures will be given on Wednesday afternoons, at 4 P.M., under the auspices of the College of State Medicine ; Fellows of the Chemical Society who may be interested in the 1ecr;ures are invited to attend. Mag 2. “The Aims and Objects of State Medicine.” By R.Brudenell Carter, F.Rf.C.S. May 16. “Soil in its Influence on Health.” By Professor H. G. Seeley, F.R.S. May 30. “The Organisms occurring in Fresh Water, and the Hygienic Importance of their Presence.” By Inspector- General John M. Macdonald, M.D., F.R.S. June 13. ‘‘ Some of the more Important Diseases Common to Man and Animals.” By G. Fleming, Esq., LL.D., C.B., &c. June 27. “The Rise and Progress of Sanitary Engineering within the Present Century.” By Sir Robert Rawlinson, K.C.B. July 11. “ Responsibility and Disease.” Sir J. Crichton Browne, ILD., LL.Y. At the next meeting on Ma,y 3rd, the following paper will be read :-“ The Determination of the Molecular Weights of the Carbo-hydrates.” By Horace T. Brown and G. H. Morris, Ph.D. HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN OXDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. UPTIN’S LANE.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL8880400051
出版商:RSC
年代:1888
数据来源: RSC
|
|