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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 29, No. 420 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 29,
Issue 420,
1913,
Page 295-342
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摘要:
[Issued 28/11/13 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 29 No.420. Thursday, November ZOth, 1913, at 8.30 p.m., Professor W. H. PERKIN,LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Messrs. R. E. Slade and S. C. Sastry were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs.: Albert Frederick Calvert, Royston, Eton Avenue, N.W. Behari La1 Das, 107/2/1, Manaharpukur Road, Kalighah, Calcutta. Eric Russell Harrap, Maisemore, Ebury Road, Rickmansworth, Herts. Oswald Ryle Horwood, M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Tunstall Rectory, Suffolk. Dan Ivor James, M.A., B.Sc., Frondeg, Llandilo, Carmarthen- shire. Alexander Williamson McLaren, 3, Hayfield Terrace, Langside, Glasgow. Harold Edwin Temple, 239, Cashel Street, Christchurch, New Zealand.Robert James Wright, M.A., c/o R. Burnett, Esq., 336, Pollok-shaws Road, Glasgow. A Certificate has been authorised by the Council for presentation to ballot under Bye-law 1(3) in favour of Mr. Bertie Mandel Welch, 80, Hunter Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 29G The PRESIDENTannounced (1) that the bust of the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Roscoe which was exhibited at the meeting had been presented to the Society by the friends and former students of Sir Henry Roscoe. (2) That by request of the Council Messrs. Vieweg & Sohn have offered to sell the first volume of the “Literatur Register,” by H. Stelzner, to Fellows of the Chemical Society at the reduced price of 23 10s. (original price 224 4s.), provided that not less than twenty copies are sold to Fellows of the Society. Those Fellows who desire to obtain a copy of the ‘‘ Literatur Register ” on these terms are requested to send in their names to the Honorary Secretaries. The PRESIDENTreferred to the meeting of the International Association of Chemical Societies which had been held in Brussels during September, 1913, and drew the attention of Fellows to the abbreviated report of the meeting which the Council have ordered to be printed in the Proceedings (see p.325). Of the following papers those marked * were read: “286. “Investigations on the dependence of rotatory power on chemical constitution. Part V. The simpler esters of the carbinols, CH,.CH(OH).R.” By Robert Howson Pickard and Joseph Kenyon.The follcwing homologous series of esters of normal aliphatic acids ha\ e been prepared and examined polari-metrically under various conditions : (i) the esters of d-methyl-ethylcarbinol ; (ii) the esters of d-methyl-n-propylcarbinol; (iii) the esters of d-methyl-n-butylcarbinol; (iv) the esters of d-methyl-n-amylcarbinol; (v) the esters of d-methyl-n-hexyl-carbinol ; (vi) the esters of d-methyl-n-nonylcarbinol [these six series range from the acetates to the stearates]; (vii) the acetates and (viii) the n-dodecoates of the d-carbinols [methylethylcarbinol to methyl-n-undecylcarbinol]. Many of these esters (all of very simple constitution) exhibit anomalous dispersion when examined polarimetrically at tempera- tures above 150° or at various concentrations in solvents such as pyridine, benzene, or carbon disulphide.“287. 61 Co-ordination of rotatory powers for different wave-lengths, temperatures and solutions.” (Preliminary note.) By Robert Howson Pickard and Joseph Kenyon. The authors have already described the synthesis of thirty optically active carbinols of the general formula RI*CH(OR)*R2, 297 and some seventy esters derived from some of them. These com-pounds have been examined polarimetrically for three wave-lengths (a) in the homogeneous state at different temperatures, and (b) in several solvents at various concentrations. It was found (see preceding paper) that many of these under certain conditions exhibited anomalous optically rotatory dispersion. The attention of the present authors was therefore directed to a paper by H.E. Armstrong and E. E. Walker entitled “The Causes of Variation in the Optical Rotatory Power of Organic Compounds and of Anomalous Rotatory Dispersive Power ” (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1913, A, 88, 388). In this paper it is suggested that anomalous dispersion is caused by the presence of two substances (in the actual cases considered of two isodynamic forms) having rotatory powers of opposite sign and different dispersive powers. In the case of esters of such simple constitution as those described in the preceding paper, the suggested explanation of the anomalous dispersion seems feasible, however, only on the assump- tion of a change in the association of the esters, not only in the homogeneous state on increase of temperature, but also on solution in various solvents.A ‘‘ characteristic diagram ” for cl-sec.-octyl acetate was therefore constructed according to the method of Armstrong and Walker (Zoc. cit.). A reference line with slope of unity wm drawn, and on it were plotted the various numbers representing the specific rotatory powers for niercury-green light. The numhers represent- ing the specific rotatory powers for sodium-yellow and mercury- violet lights were then plotted on the ordinates pasing through the points previously located on the reference line. The various points for thq latter two lights were found to lie on two straight lines, and the diagram was similar in character to those for the substances of previously known anomalous dispersive power as drawn and described by Armstrong and Walker.It is now found, however, that this same “characteristic diagram” can be used to co-ordinate the results of (ill the deter- minations of rotatory power of one of the two optically active forms of the hundred synthetical compounds previonsly described by the present authors; thus the numerical results (varying from +50 to -25) of the determinations of rotatory power for the three lights in different solvents at all concentrations and in the homo- geneous state at different temperatures, not only of one compound, but of many (all of which are of very simple, but d~sely-related constitution), have been plotted on one diagram.In this the various values lie on three straight lines, which intersect above the zero-line, and not all at one point. The dispersions then appear 298 in the diagram as some function varying with the magnitude of the rotatory powers, thus co-ordinating the small, but very definite, differences in the dispersions of the homologous compounds which have been observed experimentally. It cannot yet be said whether this co-ordination is due either (i) to the comparison of a large number of compounds which have very similar dispersive powers, or (ii) to the closely related consti- tutions of the substances. This method of plotting appears to afford (in some cases at least) a means by which a derivative differing in sign from that of the optically active parent substance can be properly designated d ” or I,” and also a means of determining whether a change in configuration has taken place in the formation of a derivative.DISCVSSION. Sir 1%’. RAMSAYsuggested that the cause of rotation was ulti-mately in the direction of the circular motion of electrons within the molecule. A dextrorotatory substance, say, might have hpdroxyl in the molecule, capable of repelling an electron, and causing it to rotate dextrorotatorily. On the other hand, if the hydroxyl be replaced by bromine, the bromine atom might have the property of attracting an electron and of reversing the direc- tion of its rotation, This suggestion was made, not with any conviction of its applicability, but merely for consideration as to whether it was possible to obtain any clue to the fundamental reason of rotation. *288.The interaction of sodium amalgam and water.” LL By Herbert Brereton Baker and Leslie Henry Parker. Water distilled under special conditions has a visibly slower rate of action on sodium amalgam than ordinary distilled water. An apparatus was constructed to measure accurately the hydrogen evolved, and various samples of water were tested. The least active specimens of water were obtained by distillation from copper or platinum apparatus, especially on superheating the steam before the latter was condensed. The rate of action was shown to be no function of the conduc- tivity of the water used, but was found to depend largely on the pressure at which the reaction was conducted, increase of pressure causing the rate of action to diminish, and vice versa.Various explanations of this phenomenon were put forward and tested, but the only feasible one was the assumption of the presence of some impurity in minute quantity, which was volatile under the 299 conditions of ordinary distillation, but was destroyed on heating to redness. Experimental evidence was adduced which seemed to show that the only impurity which satisfied all the conditions was hydrogen peroxide, and the widely differing activities of various samples of water on sodium amalgam is ascribed to the presence of varying quantities of hydrogen peroxide. “289. LL The action of variously treated waters on sodium amalgam.” By Leslie Henry Parker.Further evidence was adduced in support of the explanation of the varying activity of different samples of water on sodium amal- gam put forward by Baker and Parker (preceding paper). Various metals were sealed up with a quantity of the inactive water for definite periods. Metals such as copper, mercury, etc., did not have much effect, whilst aluminium increased the activity of the water on sodium amalgam. This was shown to be in harmony with Traube’s work on the wet oxidation of metals (Bet.., 1882, 15, 670). Exposure to radium bromide also increased the activity. This is in accordance with the work of Kailan (Jlormtsh., 1912, 33,1329). DISCUSSION. Dr.SEYTERsuggested that the results would probably come under the heading of over-voltage phenomena, the best-known example of which was the retarded action between pure zinc and sulphuric acid. Over-voltage at the boundary between solid and liquid appeared to be connected with surface tension, and it might be assumed that the active substance, whatever it might be, modified the surface tension. With reference to the author‘s proof of the presence of hydrogen peroxide in tap water, tests depending on the liberation of iodine from iodides were rather untrustworthy, as in certain circum-stances dissolved oxyg-n gave the reaction in question. The titanium dioxide test was trustworthy, and was extremely sensitive, as it was capable of detecting 1 part of peroxide in 50 million parts of water (compare Senter, Trans.Fainday SOC.,1906, 2, 142), and the fact that it was not given by the water in question appeared to render further investigation desirable. The effect of added hydrogen peroxide might be connected with the fact that this compound was readily decomposed at a mercury surface (Bredig) ; the evolution of oxygen would presumably disturb the very unstable equilibrium characteristic of over-voltage. Dr. R. E. SLADEagreed that it was to be expected that hydrogen 300 peroxide would disturb the over-voltage at the surface of the amalgam in the manner suggested by Dr. Senter. He believed, however, that a very important factor was the existence of dust particles in the water, and quoted the work of G.N. Lewis on the potential of sodium amalgams in support of this. The experiment which Afr. Parker had just shown rather pointed to this theory, for in the tube of pure water the bubbles of hydrogen came off at a few points which moved about on the surface of the amalgam. Perhaps the superheating of the steam was an efficient way of removing particles of dust by destroying them or by causing them to adhere to the hot tube. Dr. KEANEasked whether the influence of light had been studied in connexion with the experiments described, as this might have considerable effect both in regard to the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. In reply to Dr. Senter, Mr. PARKERsaid that no comparative experiments had been made as to the relative values of the tests for hydrogen peroxide : further experiments were in progress with the view of obtaining some light on the mechanism of the reaction.In reply to Dr. Keane, he also stated that no experiments had been tried on the influence of light on the reaction. “290. The polymerisation of cyanamide.” By George Francis Morrell and Peter Burgen. The polymerisation of cyanamide, under various conditions, both in the solid state and in solution, and also under the influence of catalysts has been quantitatively studied. With the pure substance itself only about 10 per cent. was found to have changed in six months, and in aqueous solution, even at elevated tempera- tures, the reaction proceeds comparatively slowly, many hours’ heating at looo being required to complete it.In absolute alcoholic solution the reaction-velocity is much further reduced. In all these cases the velocity-constant was not that of a bimolecular reaction, but equal amounts were found to be changed in equal intervals, except at great dilution, in which case a logarithmic curve was obtained. An ionic explanation may be advanced to explain these facts, the ions present in very small and, at first, practically constant concentration alone taking part in the change. The influence of acids and bases, such as sulphuric acid, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide, as catalysts produces an extremely marked acceleration, very small quantities reducing the period of half-change in aqueous solution at looo from about twelve hours to as many minutes.lncreasing quantities of sodium hydroxide produced 301 increasing ecceleration up to a point corresponding with the addition of 0.25 equivalent, but the further addition brought about a slight retardation, so that a solution containing sodium cyan- amide, although it polynierised much more rapidly than pure cyanamide (half period at looo, thirty minutes, compared with twelve hours in the latter case), yet did not do so more quickly than one containing less than 1130th of the amount of hydroxide. The velocity-constant of these reactions was found to be between that of a unimolecular and of a bimolecular reaction, which latter stage it would only reach, on the authors' hypothesis, at infinite dilution and complete ionisation.DISCUSSION. Dr. MORRELL,in reply to Dr. Forster, stated that the method found most satisfactory for isolating cyanamide from its sodium salt, was to neutralise a well-cooled concentrated aqueous solution of the latter with oxalic acid. The precipitated sodium oxalate was filtered off, and the filtrate evaporated almost to dryness in a vacuum. From this residue the cyanamide was extracted with ether, in which other substances present were insoluble. It was finally purified by recrystallisation from the same solvent. "291. Some derivatives of oleanol." By Frank Tutin and William Johnson Smith Naunton. Oleanol, C,,H,,O,, a crystalline substance from olive leaves (Power and Tutin, T., 1908, 93,896), has been further investi- gated.On oxidation with potassium permanganate it yields oleanone, C?roH,,Oz(OH),, which gives a mono-and di-acetyl deriv-ative. Oleanone, when heated with dilute acetic acid, undergoes a profound change, the reaction products containing a substance, C,,H,,O,(OH),. An analogous change occurs when diacetyl-oleanone is heated with a mixture of acetic and hydrochloric acids. The monoacetyl derivative, C,,H,,08(0H)*CO*CH,, thus produced, on hydrolysis with alkali, yields the above-mentioned dihydroxy- compound. On oxidation with chromic acid, oleanone yields a substance, C2,H,,0,-OH (m. p. 275O), which, when heated for two hours with alcoholic alkali, gives an isomeride, melting at 315O.Both substances yield nzorioacetyl derivatives. When oleanol itself is oxidised with chromic acid the above- mentioned substance, C,,H,,04 (m. p. 275O), is formed, together with a mixture of at least three carboxylic acids. 302 282. Some derivatives of phorone. Part I.” By Francis Francis and Francis George Willson. An investigation of some derivatives of phorone has been com-menced by the study of a phorone dibromide obtained from the tetrabromide by the action of pyridine. The most characteristic reaction of this dibromide is the ease with which it is converted by concentrated sulphuric acid into a crystalline derivative, a study of the oxidation and reduction products of which has led to the conclusion that it is 4-bromo-2 : 2 : 3 :3-tetramethylbicyclo[O, 1, 2]1.7entaii-l-ol-6-01ie, p?-y(OH)>30*CM ’2*CBi---The oxidation and reduction products were described ; among the former is tetramethylsuccinic acid, and among the latter 1:1: 2 :2-tetramethylcyclope,1tai~-4-one,a substance with properties curiously similar to those of camphor.The derivative also gives rise on bromination to a dibromide possessing characteristic properties. 293. (I The porosity of iron.” By William Hughes Perkins. An attempt has been made to correct or confirm the conclusion of Friend that iron is slightly porous (T.,1912, 101, 50). It is concluded that only very small quantities of the alkalis, and there- fore presumably of other salts, are retained under prolonged washing. The quantity of ammonia retained by iron after about fifteen to twenty minutes’ washing is probably not more than about 0*0000001gram per sq.cm. 294. The bleaching action of hypochlorite solutions.” By Sydney Herbert Higgins. Bleaching powder solution to which an excess of boric acid has been added has very energetic bleaching properties because the boric acid merely liberates hypochlorous acid from the hypo-chlorite, whereas an excess of hydrochloric acid produces free chlorine and a solution of very weak bleaching properties. If, however, calcium carbonate is added to the latter solution, hypo- chlorous acid is regenerated, and the bleaching properties are restored. The addition of hydroxides to hypochlorite solutions opposes the hydrolysis of the hypochlorite, and retards the bleach- ing action, whereas the addition of small quantities of acids assists the hydrolysis and stimulates the bleaching action; the effect on the bleaching properties of the solution is due to the active mass of the free hypochlorous acid present, being in the one case reduced and in the other augmented.Even in the presence of a large excess of hydroxides the solutions have a small bleaching effect, which is probably due to a small amount of hypochlorous acid being stil! present in solution in spite of the opposition of the hydroxide to the hydrolysis of the metallic hypochlorite. All the experiments point to the conclusion that hypochlorite solutions entirely owe their bleaching properties to the free hypochlorous acid present in solution.Sometimes there is a secondary reaction between the hypochlorous acid and any neutral chloride present, producing nascent chlorine of energetic bleaching properties (P., 1912, 28, 130), but the main action is one of direct oxidation by the hypo- chlorous acid. During the bleaching action chlorides are produced by the reduction of the hypochlorites, but the stimulating effect of chlorides thus produced on the bleaching action is negligible. 295. Guaiacum resin as a reagent for the detection of oxgdasea and of minute traces of copper.” By William Ringrose Gelston Atkins. In order to ascertain how far traces of metals might vitiate tests for oxydases by guaiacum resin, a series of experiments was carried out to determine the limits of sensitiveness of the reaction towards certain salts.Adopting the methods usual in water analysis, it was found that very minute amounts of copper salts or of potassium permanganate may be detected by this test. Accordingly it is brought forward as a reaction of utility in water analysis. Below are recorded the limits of sensitiveness of the reaction, expressed in grams per C.C. Copper as sulphate, 2 x to 2 x 10-8. Potassium permanganate, 4x 10-8. Potassium dichromate, 1x 10-7. Iron, a~ ferrous sulphate, 1x 10-6, a4 ferric sulphate, 1x 10-6. Lead as acetate, 6 x 10-6. Nitric acid, 2 x 10-j. Manganese as sulphate, 8 x 10-4. In each case a few drops of hydrogen peroxide were added, as well as a very dilute solution of the reagent.Traces of chlorides were also present, and play an important part. 296. ‘‘The absorption spectra of various derivatives of pyridine, piperidine and piperazine in solution and as vapours.” ByJohn Edward Purvis. The absorption spectra of a number of the derivatives of pyri- dine, piperidine, and piperazine, both in solution and in the 304 vaporous condition, have been investigated. The general results show that, besides the nature of the molecule, the type, the number, and the orientation of the side-chains influence the production of the narrow vapour bands; and that, when these bands disappear, the remaining bands are generally comparable with the solution bands. 297. Derivatives of p-iodoaniline ”L‘ By Frederick Daniel Chattaway and Alfred Bertie Constable.The ease with which chlorine and bromine substitute arylamines has led to a very complete knowledge of the simpler derivatives which they form, but comparatively few of the corresponding iodine compounds have been prepared on account of the difficulty of effecting iodine substitution and the readiness with which the iodoanilines decompose. The conditions necessary to obtain a good yield of p-iodoacet-anilide, and from it to prepare p-iodoaniline, were described. The aniline having been obtained in quantity, a number of its simpler derivatives have been prepared. 298. ‘‘ The interaction of tetranitromethane and compounds contain- ing centres of residual affinity.” (Preliminary note.) By Ernest Magowan Harper and Alexander Killen Macbeth The work was undertaken to investigate the colours developed Dn adding tetranitromethane to various substances. Ostromisslen-sky (J.pr. Chem., 1911, [ii], 84, 349) has recorded such effects with aromatic amines and also with aliphatic compounds contain- ing the ethylenic double linking. Clarke, Macbeth, and Stewart (this vol., p. 161) have shown that these are only particular cases of a more general phenomenon. Colours have been obtained with organic sulphides, iodides, phosphines, amino-compounds, etc. The method employed was to photograph tetranitromethane in an alcoholic solution of the substance of constant strength. Tetra-nitromethane itself gives no colour in dry alcohol.With the sulphides a yellow colour is produced on mixing the. solutions, but the absorption spectrum does not differ greatly from that of tetra- nitromethane. The colour deepen6 on keeping, and after some time the spectrum undergoes a great change. A band is developed in the region 1/ A 2800-2900 ; thus tetranitromethane with -4’/ 10-pentamethylene sulphide after fourteen hours shows a band the head of which is at 1/A2850 in the log-thickness 36 of A’/ 100,000-solution. With compounds containing an ethylenic double bond a similar 305 band is obtained ;thus tetranitromethane with N/10-amylene after five days gives a band the head of which is at l/h2860 in the log-thickness 32 .T/ 100,000-solution. Similar bands are obtained with sulphur compounds other than the sulphidm (ethyl mercaptan, etc.) and with various aliphatic amino-compounds, t.he band development being exceptionally rapid in these cases, In most cases the penet.ration of the band increases with time; thus : Log-thickness Band head.”1 00,000. Time. N/IO-arnyletie .................. )/A2850 32 5 days -V/lO-amylene ..................... l/h 2850 26 10 ,,n’/lO.peiitameth~Ienesulphide I/h2850 33 2 9, n’/lO-li~ntanietliyleue sulphida l/h 2850 28 5 ,I It appears that, the solvent plays a very important part in the action. In light petroleum no band was obtained with tetranitro- methane and’ amylene. The spectrum after five days and after fourteen days was the same. Further, it would appear that there is in this way a means, not only of detecting, but also of comparing, t,he residual affinitiw of different substances ; thus the different sulphides give bands of difierent penetrations in equal times, for example : hj/lO-peiitamet~hyieiie sulpliide ...liead of’bani1 log-tliickncss 28 &/IOO,GOO 5 days A/lO-propyl suilhide ............. 30 ,, 5 1, N/lO-tlrioxan ........................ ” . 31 ,, 5 ,,” A similar effect holds in the case of other classes of compounds. With regard to the nature of the reaction, nitromethane was substituted for tetranitromethane with negative results. Investiga-tions are being continued with other mononitro-compounds, in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine and other electronegative atoms.Dinitro- and trinitro-compounds are also being substituted. The’ effect of introducing electronegative atoms into the molecule containing the centre of residual affinity is also being studied. 299. ‘(The relative activities of certain organic iodo-compounds with sodium phenoxide in alcoholic solution. Part 111. The temperature.coefficients.” By David Segaller. The velocity-coefficients of the following alkyl iodide8, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, set.-butyl, tert.-butyl, myl, %soamyl, sec.-amyl, hexyl, set.-hexyl, heptyl, sec.-heptyl, octyl, sec.-octyl, and cetyl iodides have been measured with sodium 306 phenoxide in alcoholic solution at four different temperatures and the temperature-coefficients determined.It is found that the results obtained are in good agreement with the equation of Arrhenius (Zeitsch. physikal. Chem., 1889, 4, 226). The results show that the relative activities of the alkyl iodides are approximately independent of the temperature. 300. (‘Resolution of a-anilinostearic acid.” By Henry Rondel Le Sueur. a-Anilinostearic acid has been resolved into its optically active components by crystallisation of its Z-menthylamine salt. d-a-Anilinosteuric acid melts at 129-130°, and has [u]: +34.70 in solution in pyridine, atid + l8.6O in solution in alcohol. The lavo-acid has also been isolated, and its properties are the same as those of its dextro-isorneride. ‘I301. The conversion of d-glucosamine into d-mannose.” (Pre-liminary note.) By James Colquhoun Irvine and Alexander Hynd In previous communications (P., 1912, 28, 54; T., 1912, 101, 1128), the authors have already described the conversion of d-glucosamine into &glucose. They have now succeeded, by a process which on first inspection seems more direct, in transform- ing the amino-sugar into d-mannose.Methylglucosamine hydrochloride, when gently warmed with excess of benzaldehyde, passes gradually into solution when the liquid is saturated with dry hydrogen chloride. The product of this reaction is benzylidenemethyl~lucosam~nehydrochloride (m. p. 205O with decomposition; [a]:’ -54.4O in methyl alcohol), which is formed by condensation of the aldehyde with two hydroxyl groups of the sugar, and is thus comparable with the benzylidene- methylglucoside described by Alberda van Ekenstein.The com- pound is exceedingly unstable towards acids, and, when acted on by silver nitrite, loses not only the amino-group, but also the benzylidene residue and the glucosidic group. Chitose is thus the ultimate product of the reaction. In order to avoid this disruption of the molecule, the amino- group was removed by the addition of excess of sodium nitrite in dilute aqueous solution. In this way the reaction of the system was kept continuously alkaline, and, although the glucosidic group was eliminated, the hydrolysis of the benzylidene residue was avoided, and thus chitose formation was excluded. During the reaction, nitrogen was vigorously evolved, and a sparingly soluble product was rapidly precipitated. This proved to be a derivative of a reducing .ugar, and was characterised as monobenzylidene-vtunuose (m.p. 144-145O; 1a]2 -22.4O in acetone). As the reducing group of the parent aldose is unsubstituted in this com- pound, the substance represents a new type of sugar derivative. On treatment with very dilute hydrochloric acid, the compound was easily hydrolysed, with the formation of d-mannose, which was identified by determination of the specific rotation and by conversion into crystalline derivatives, such as inethylmannoside and mannoseanilide. The individual steps of the process outlined above appear to proceed practically quantitatively, and are summarised below : cl-Glucosamine -+ methylglucosamine hydrochloride +benzyl-idenemethylglucosaniine hydrochloride -+benzylidenemannose ---f d-mannose.It was shown that the formation of d-mannose as the final product cannot be attributed to the well-known action of alkali in effecting the conversion of closely related reducing sugars. Glucosamine may thus be converted into either &glucose or d-mannose, and in one of the two processes a change of the nature of a Walden inversion must take place. The evidence at present available indicates that the change in configuration probably occurs during the decomposition of beiizylidenemethylglucosamine by nitrous acid, and there seems 110 necessity to modify the claim made in a previous paper (loc.cit.) that glucmamine is a derivative of tl-glucose. 302. ‘‘ The mechanism of denitrification ” By William Hulme. A series of experiments, conducted with a view to investigate the mechanism of denitrification, showed that this reduction might be divided into two parts : namely, (1) the bacterial reduction, and (2) the enzymatic reduction. The fermentation of similar media, one with and the other without potassium nitrate, under anaerobic conditions, showed the gas evolution to consist of nitrogen (98 per cent.) and carbon dioxide from the nitrate-containing medium, and of hydrogen (70 per cent.) and carbon dioxide from the nitrate-free medium. A medium containing only a very small percentage of nitrate evolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide as long as nitrate and nitrite obtained in the solution, but hydrogen and carbon dioxide appeared as soon as these had disappeared; thus the chemical agent by which the organism reduces the nitrate is nascent hydrogen.The media were tested for enzyme action by precipitation with 308 alcohol, drying, dissolving in water, and Chaniberlaiid-filtration, measured quantities of this solution being added to small quantities of a sterilised 1 per cent. solution of potassium nitrate, and the nitrite produced being measured. The results showed a consider-able reduction with the (' product " obtained from the nitrate-con- taining flasks, whilst that obtained from the nitrate-free flasks was devoid of this reducing power. These results were confirmed by a second series of experiments, in which the fermentation took place aerobically.The enzyme solutions in all caees were not affected by boiling. The mechanisni of deiiitrification may be, therefore, represented as follows: I(1) C . . i-q0 -L organism =CO, + H, + . . . . . or CH, . . . + 0, + organism =C02+ H, + . . . . . . wliere C represents the carbon of the nutrient substance (2) BNO, + E =KNO, -1-EO ( EIIzyriic ) EO + 2H=E + H,O 2 KNO, -+ 5H-r2C0, =2KHC0, + 4HzO + N?, thus accounting for the large percentage of nitrogen in the gases evolved from the nitrogen-containing flasks. 303. The catalytic activity of acids. Evaluation of the activities of the hydrogen ion and the undissociated acid." By Harry Medforth Dawson and Frank Powis.The catalytic activity of a series of acids has been examiiied by measurements of the velocity with which acetone passes from the ketonic to the enolic form in aqueous solutioiis of determinate acid concentration. The results obtained are entirely at variance with the theory that the catalysing activity of an acid is deter- mined by its hydrogen-ion concentration, for the ratio of the reaction-velocity to the ionic concentration varies to a large extent when the concentration of the acid is changed. The observations are, however, in good agreement with the view that both the non- ionised and ionised forms of the acid take part in the acceleration of the reaction, the actual catalytic effect being additively composed of the effects due to the two components.The activity of the non-ionised acid diminishes rapidly as its tendency to ionise decreases ; this is clearly shown by the following numbers, which express the activities in terms of that of the hydrogen ion : hydrochloric, 1.77 ; dicliloroacetic, 0.50 ; up-di-bromopropionic, 0.152 ;chloroacetic, 0.056 ;acetic, 0'0034. As yet it does not seem possible to say whether these ratios are iiidepen- dent of the nature of t3he catalysed reaction. 309 304. '' The configuration of the doubly-linked nitrogen atom. Optically active salts of the semicarbazone and benzoylphenyl- hydrazone of cyclohexanone-4-carboxylicacid." By William Hobson Mills and Alice Mary Bain. The method which the authors used in order to investigate the configuration of tervalent nitrogen in the oximino-group (T., 1910, 97, 1866) has been further employed for the examination of the configuration of the doubly-linked nitrogen in the hydrazone group, :N*SR,R,.cycloff esanor~e-4-carboxylic acid b enzoylphenylhydr-rrroiie has been obtained in an optically active form by crystallisa- tion of its piwine salt from dilute methyl alcohol. The sodium salt obtained by treating the quinine salt with sodium hydroxide was strongly dextrorotatory, having [Mi, 238'6O. Dextrorotatory salts of cyclohexanone-4-carboxylic acid semi- carbazone (If7. H. Perkin, T., 1904, 85, 427) were obtained similarly with the aid of morphine, the molecular rotations observed varying from [MIL,37.8* to 27'9O in different preparations.The active salts of both compounds showed marked autoracemisa- tion on keeping, the loss of activity being much more rapid in the case of the semicarbazone than in that of the benzoylphenylhydr- azone. The autoracemisation was checked by the addition of alkali hydroxides, sodium and potassium hydroxides being much more effective than ammonia. On acidification the activity in both cases instantly disappeared. These results can only be satisfac- torily explained by regarding the molecular asymmetry of these compounds a8 being of the centro-asymmetric type, and due to the fact that when the carbonyl oxygen of the symmetrical keto-acid is replace6 by the hydrazone residue, :N-NR,R,, the .NR,R, group takes up a position outside the original plane of symmetry of the keto-acid. Accordingly, in these hydrazones, the three valencies of the doubly-linked nitrogen atom do not lie in one plane, but are directed along the three edges of a trihedral angle.ADDITIOSS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Cahen, Edwwrtl, and Wootton, TPillicLnz Ord. The mineralogy of the rarer metals. A handbook for prospectors. London 1912. pp. xxviii+2ll, 6s. net. (Recd. 11/11/13.) From the Authors. Royal Society of London. The celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary, July 15-19, 1912. London 1913. pp. ivf 138. (Reference.) From the Royal Society. 310 Solaro, Alessandro. Studio microscopico e chimico pel riconoscimento delle fibre vegetsli, lane, peli, pelliccie, sete naturali, sete artificiali.Milano 1914. pp. 433. ill. L. 25. (Recd. 1/11/13,) From the Publisher : Ulrico Hoepli. Thorpe, Sir Edward. A dictionary of applied chemistry. Revised and enlarged edition, Vol. V. London 1913. pp. viii+830. ill. 458. net. (Rpference.) From the Publishers : Messrs. Longmans, Green and Go. 11. By Pu~chase. Beringer, Cornelius, and Beringer, John J. A text-book of assayiug, for the use qf those connected with mines. 13th edition. London 1913. pp. xvif459 ill. 10s. 6d. net. (Recd. 20/11/13.) Butler, D. B. Portland cement, its manufacture, tejting, and use. 3rd edition. London 1913. pp. x+455. ill. 168. net. (Recd. 20/11/13.) Kempf, Richard. Tabelle der wichtigsten organischen Verbindungen geordnet nach Schmelzpunkten.Braunschweig 1913. pp. xi + 135. M. 9.-. (Recd. 20/11/13.) Kremann, R. The application of physic0 chemical theory to technical processes and manufacturing methods. Translated by Harold E. Potts and edited by Albert Mond. London 1913. pp. xv + 212. ill. 8s. 6d. net. (Recd. 20/11/13.) Lewkowitsch, Julius. Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes. 5th edition, entirely rewritten and enlarged. Vol, I. London 1913. pp. xxiiif668. ill. 25s. net. (Red 20/11/13.) Yellor, Joseph William. A treatise on quantitative inorganic analysis, With special reference to the analysis of clays, silicates, and related minerals, Being Vol. I of a Treatise on tho ceramic industries. London 1913. pp. xxxi+778.ill. 30s. net. (Recd. 20jllll3.) Mitchell, C. Ainsworth. Mineral and aerated waters. London 1913. pp. xiii+227. ill. 8s. 6d. net. (Red 20/11/13.) Werner, Ayred. Neuere Anschauungen auf dem Gebiete der anorganischen Chemie. 3rd edition. Braunschmeig 1913. pp. xx + 419. M. 11.-. (Recd. 20/11/13.) Willstatter, Bicliard, and Stoll, Arthur. Untersuchungen ulier Chlorophyll, Methoden und Ergebnisse. Berlin 1913. pp. viii + 424. ill. 111. 18.-. (Recd. 20/11/13.) 31 1 At the next Ordinary Scientific Meeting on Thursday, December 4th, 1913, at 8.30p.m., there will be a ballot for the election of Fellows, and the following papers will be communicated : ‘‘ Action of sulphuric acid on copper.” By the late J. T. Cundall. (To be communicated by Sir William Ramsay.) ‘I Reactions which occur when glycerol and oxalic acid are heated together whereby formic acid and ally1 alcohol are produced.” ByF.D. Chattaway. The rotatory dispersive power of organic compounds. Part V. A comparison of the optical and magnetic rotatory dispersions in some optically-active liquids.” By T. 11. Lowry, R. H. Pickard, and J. Kenyon. Organic derivatives of silicon. Part XX. Some condensation product of dibenzylsilicanediol.” By R. Robison and F. S. Kipping. “ Relation between chemical constitution and depth of colour of dyes.” By E. R. Watson. ‘‘ Dyes derived from quercetin.” By E. R. Watson and K. B. Sen. ‘I An improved form of apparatus, based on the Landsberger- Sakurai process, for the determination of molecular weight.” ByW.E. S. Turner and C. T. Pollard. “The rotation of optically active derivatives of succinic acid in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. Part I.” By G. W. Clough. 312 CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION AT THE NEXT BALLOT. N B.-The names of those who sign from lr General Knowledge” are printed in italics. The following Candidates have been proposed for election. A ballot will be held on Thursday, December 4th, 1913. Advani, Parmanand Mewaram, Karachi, India. Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics, Dayaram Jethmal Sind College, Karachi, India. I have taken the M.A. and B.Sc. degrees of the Bombay University, and have been a lecturer in Chemistry and Physics at the D. J. Sind College since 1909.I was studying at the Indiau Institute of Science for one term last year in the General Chemistry department, and mean to work there from time to time under the guidance of Dr. Travers and others. Morris W. Travers. H. E. Watson. Norman Rudolf. J. J. Sudborough. Francis L.Usheis. Askew, Richard Watson, B.A. ‘‘ Brierley,” Chelmsford Road, Durban. At present, I am in the employ of Kgnoch, Limited, Umbogintmini, Durban, Within a period of three months from the present time, I: will have completed a special practical training in the Chemical and Explosive Works. During this experience, I researched on Nitre-cake with a, view to its practical uses. Previous to this training, I graduated at the Cape of Good Hope University in Pure Mathematicp, Applied Mathematics, and Chemistry. The examination was both theoretical and practical.The Inter. B.A. included Physics. The other subjects ranged on the Mathematical and (‘Arts ” side. W. E. Martin. A. T. Cocking, H. H. Dodds. A. B. Tonkin. B. M. Narbeth. J.8.Jamieson. A. M. Neilson. 313 Badami, Sankar Rao B., Badami House, Rulsurpet, Bangalore. Research Student in the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. Master of Arts in Chemistry of the Univarsity of Madras. M. W. ‘L’ravers. J. J. Sudborough. H. V. Krishnayya. H. E. Watson. A. K. Yegna Narayan. D. D. Kanga. Bailey, Alan Milsom, Lanhill, Chippenham, Wilts. Analytical Chemist. Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. Late of the Government Lzboratory, London, and of the Govt.Analyst’s Office, Singapore. James C. Philip. H. Vincent A. Briscoe. M. 0. Forater. F. P. Dunn. G. T.Morgan. Bate, Stanley Charles, 50, Alexandra Road, Upper Norwood, London, S.E. Chemist in the Inspection Dept., Woolwich Arsenal. Bachelor oE Science, London (1st Hons. in Chemistry). Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. Oliver Trigger. F. P. Dunn. A. Vincent Eluden. James C. Philip. ti. F. Harwood. Batemsn, Alan Hamilton, 12, Chadwick Road, Leytonstone, Essex. Scientific and Technical Chemist, and Student of the Institute of Chemistry. Two and a-half years’ study, and afterwards (for a short period) Assistantship, in consulting and technical research laboratory ; has matriculated, London University, and desires to have access to the latest scientific literature, inclnding tbe Chemical Society’s Trans-actions and Proceedings ;also wishes to attend the Society’s meetings, and make use of the library. Edward Bevan.A. Chaslon Chapman. C. F. Cross. Otto Hehner. Charles E. Cassal. J. Rear Colwell. Berlein, Charles Maurice, Cross Oak,Berkhamsted, Research Chemist. Honours in Chemistry at Oxford (B.A.). Eighteen months in Berlin under Emil Fischer. At present, Research 314 Chemist to ‘(New Oil Refining Process, Ltd.” Wish to mske use of Society’s library and to attend meetings. Allan F. Walden. N. V. Sidgrvick. Bertram Lambert. E. Lnwson Lomax. W. B. Shaw. w.H. Perkin. Vivian B. Lewes. Bicknell, Arthur, BSc., Balliol College, Oxford.Research Student. Manchester University, B.Sc. Hons. Harold B. Dixon. Norman Smith. Arthur Lapworth. H. F. Coward. W. H. Perkin. Blexter, Augustus Pearoe Llewellyn, 6‘ Chidham,” Potters Bar, Middlesex. Chemical Engineer. B.B. (Cantab. 1913). Natural Science Tripos, Part I., 2nd class in Chemistry. R. H. Adie. F. E. E. Lamplough. William Ramsay. Geo. Chaloner. Charles T. Heycock. T. W. Firth Clark. Bose, Adhor Krishna, 90, Musjeed Baree Street, Calcutta. Assistant Chemist, Indian Tea Association. Formerly an assistant in the laboratory attached to the Industrial Section of Indian Museum under the Economic Botanist of the Botanical Survey Dept., Govern- ment of India, and subseluently under the Imperial Agricultural Chemist at Pusa Reserrch Institute.At pre~nt, assistant to the Chief Scientific Officer, Indian Tea Association, Indian Museum. David Hooper. Jatindranath Sen. P. H. Carpenter. Dhirendranath Mitra. Tin Kari Ghose. Bramley, Arthur, 19, Cambridge Road, Barnes, London, S.W. Research Chemist. B.Sc. (London), Honours in Chemistry; A.R.C. 8 in Chemistry ; A.I.C. Joint author of a paper, ‘‘ The Reaction between Ferric Sltlts and Thiocyanates,” J.C.S.,1913. James C. Philip. H. Brereton Biker. B. Mouat Jones. P. W. Robertson. H. Vincent A. Briscoe. Brearley, Arthur Joseph, 13, Victoria Terrace, Exeter. Senior Science Master, Exeter School, Exeter. B.A. (Cantab.) ; 315 Nat. Sc. Tripos, Part I.,First Class ;Nat. Sc. Tripos, Part II., Second Class.Science Master, Exeter School. W. J. Pope. Charles T. Heycock. W. J. Sell. F. W. Dootson. W. H. Mills. Butler, George Bernard, 10, Malvern Street, Elswick Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Analytical Chemist. 1907 : Passed Durham and London Matricu- lation Examinations. 1907-8, 1908-9 : Student (Newcastle Corpora- tion Exhibition Scholar) at Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1908 : Passed Durham Intermediate Science Examination. i909-10, 1910-11: Student (private) under J. W. Patterson, F.C.S., and G. Palmer, B.Sc., F.C.S., at the West Hartlepool Technical College. 1913 : Chief Steel Laboratory Chemist at Messrs. Palmer’s Ship- building and Iron Co., Ltd., Jarrow-on-Tyne. P. Phillips Bedson. J. A. Smythe.F. C. Garrett. J. W. Patterson. Aq. Forsber. Gilbert Palmer. J. H. Patemon. Campbell, Bertram, Beechover, Manor Avenue, Grimsby. Research Student in the Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. B.Sc. (Hons. Chem.), London. A.I.C. H. Brereton Baker. C. E. Sladden. F. P. Dunn. A. T. King. P. W. Robertson. Campbell, Norman Phillips, Trinity College, Kandg, Ceylon. Educational Missionary. Sometime Bracken burg Scholar in Natural Science, Balliol College, Oxford. 1st Class Honours (Chemistry) Schol. Nat. Sci. Joint author with H. B. Hartley of “ The Solubility of Iodine in Water ” and ‘I The Preparation of Pure Water,” published in the Journal of the Chemical Society. H. Brereton Baker. P. W.Robertson. B. Mouat Jones. H. B. Hartley. D. H. Nagel. Garter, Frederick George, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Manager, Amritsar Distillery (for the Government of India), 1st Class Honours Grade, Brewing, City and Guilds, 1891 ;3 yeare Assist- 316 ant to the Director, Central Excise Laboratory, Kasauli Government of India. Publiration : ‘‘ The Possibilities of Sugar Manufacture in the Punjab,” with special analyses of the various kinds of sugar-canes grown in the Punjab. E. Grant Hooper. Francis J, H. Tate. J. Connah. Thos.J. Cheater. J. Holmes. Chowdry, Santi Pada, Umaria, C.I. Asst. Chemist. (Worked in Mr. D. Hooper’s Laboratory in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, under him for two years.) Asst. Chemist, Economic Research Laboratory, Rewa State Industries, Urnaria, C.I.David Hooper. Jntindranath Sen. W. A. Breymuth. Haradhan Ray. Surandra Nath De. Clerk, Francis William, 35, Wilmington Square, London, W.C. Chemist. Assistant chemist to the City of London Electric Lighting Co., Ltd., since 1906. Student at Northern Polytechnic and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, 1907 to 1911. Have Board of Education Certificates up to Stage 111.Inorg. and Organic Chemistry, and have passed London Matriculation. Chas. G. Cutbush. H. Burrows. Charles A. Keane. George Senter. G.Francis Morrell. Coleman, Herbert Stoddard, 14, Dunsford Road, Bearwood Road, Smeth wick. Electrochemical Engineer and Traveller. Several years’ experience in Manufacturing and Analytical Chemistry as Works Chemist, and finally as “General Works Manager,” of Chemical Works.Also Supervising Chemist and Electrician, and at present acting as Technical Electrochemical Engineer. Honours in Chemistry and Metallurgy. Honours in Electrometallurgy, C.G.L. Institute. Registered Teacher in Electrometallurgy, C.G. L. Institute. Member of the Faraday Society. Arthur Adams. Samuel Field. Jno. W. Alcock. A. R. Gower. H. 8. 8horthouee. Drakeley, Thomas James, 36, Mitchell Street, Newtown, Wigan. Lecturer in Chemistry. Lecturer in Chemistry at the Wigan and 317 District Mining and Technical College. Two years course at University College, London, under Sir William Ramsay and Prof. J. N. Collie ; 1st. clam B.Sc. (London) 1911, conferred 1912.E. B. Naglor. William Ramsay. J. Norman Collie. Frank E. Weston. Samuel Smiles. Leslie Ohm. W. Jenkins. Eldin, Mohamed Shams, University of Manchester. Research Student in Chemistry. Lecturer in Chemistry (designate) in The Medical School, Cairo. B.Sc, Mnnch. University in Chemistry and Physics, 1912. Engaged in research in Organic Chemistry. Harold B. Dixon. E. Hope. Ch. Weizmann. A. Lspworth. W. H. Perkin. Fuller, Cyril Duncan, 62, Hill Street, Totterdown, Bristol. Analytical Chemist. Obtained elementary chemical knowledge and certi6cates at Merrywood Higher Grade School. Demonstrator in Chemistry and Metallurgy, Merchant Venturers’ Technical College, Bristol, for five years. Technical Chemist in large Oil and Colour works for five years.Student, Institute of Chemistry. Undergraduate, Brist 01 University. Now appointed Works Manager. J. Wertheimer. F. W. Rixon. Francis E. Needs. Francis Francis. 31.W. Jones. James W. McBain. Gair, Charles John Dickenson, 39, Cranston Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E. Analytical Chemist. Studied Chemistry under Professor Meldola at Finsbury Technical College. Analyst to South Metro. Gas Co. for 10 years. Communicated two papers to the Society of Chemical Industry on Improved Methods of Estimating Naphthalene in Coal Gas, Raphael Meldola. B.H. Buttle. Arthur J.Hale. W. W. 0. Beveridge. E. V. Evans. Gibson, Stanton, 28, Lordship Park, London, N. Works Chemist to a firm engaged in manufacturing Celluloid substitutes, etc., from Casein.Studied 4 years as an Internal Student of London University : obtained 1st class Honours in Chemistry in Final B.Sc. examination. W. H. Mills. John Spiller. A. G. Dix. FaP.Dunn. C.E. Sladden. 318 Hargreaves, Richard, Chatburn, Clitheroe, Lancs. Teacher. Science Graduate, Cambridge. Anxious to keep in touch with recent work in Chemistry. Arthur J. Berry. H. J. H. Fenton. F. E. E. Lamplough. J.G. M. Dunlop. S.I. Levy. E H. Neville. Hay, Alexander Houghton, &sex Wharf, Narrow Street, Limehouse, E. Chemist to Messrs. E. J. Hay & Go., Caramel Manrifactnrers, Lime- house, E. Educated at West Cliff College, Ramsgate, and at The City and Guilds Technical Institute under Professor Meldola.R. Meldola. E. H. Buttle. A. J. Hale. Arthur R. Ling. Leonnyd Temple Thorns. H ebden, George Alfred, 78, Norborough Road, Tinsley, Sheffield. Analytical Chemist. Studied Chemistry at the Leeds Institute of Science for seven years. Ten years Assistant Chemist with Messrs. Brotherton & Go., Ltd., Leeds; at present Analytical Chemist with Messrs. Sheffield Chemical Co., Ltd., Rotherham. Philip B. Nicholson. Rowland H. Ellis. James H. Kershaw, R. Tp. Varley. Prancis R.Yenn. Hodges, Richard Pendarves, 42, Olive Road, Cricklewood. Analytical Chemist. For three years articled to Leo Taylor, F,I.C., of 31, Moorgate Street, E.C., Public Analyst for the Boro’ of Hackney. At prefient Assistant Chemkt at Messrs. Johnson and Son, Paul Street, Finsbury, E.C.B. C. Smith. William Pirig. H. B. Maynard. W. M. Seaber. Percy Edgerton. Hollely, William Francis, 67, Ross Road, Wallington, Surrey. Research Assistant to Professor Meldola. Joint Author with the Professor of the following papers which have appeared in the “ Trans-actions of the Chemical Society.”-1912, Vol. 101: ‘(Quinone-ammonium derivatives. Part I. The Methylation products of Picramic and Isopicramic acids.” 1913, Vol. 103: “ Part 11. Nitro-haloid, Di- 319 haloid and Azo-compounds.” An Associate of The Institute of Chemistry. Raphael Meldola. A. J. Hale. 13. H, Buttle. L. Melville Clark. Reginald F. Easton. Huxtable, Charles, Devonia,” Menlove Avenue, Liverpool. Works Chemist and Analyst.Pharmaceutical Chemist with 20 years experience in Manufacturing and Analytical Chemistry. Desire to become a Member in order to keep in closer touch with Chemical Science and Progress. W. A. H. Naylor. H. Hurophreys Jones. John Taylor. Thos. Tyrer. Francis Ransom. Hynd, Alexander, 196, Baldridgeburn, Dunfermline, N.B. Research Chemist ; Assistant to Professor Crowther, of the Agri- cultural Chemistry Department, University of Leeds. Since graduat- ing M.A., B.Sc., in Oct., 1908, I,as Cdrnegie Scholar and Fellow, have been continuously engaged during the past five years in Chemical Research Work. The results of these investigations have been published in collaboration with Prof. Irvine in the “ Transactions of the Chemical Society” and elsewhere.See Trans., 1909, 95, 1220; 1911, 99, 161 and 250; 1912, 101, 1128; 1913, 103, 41. Proc., 1912, 28, 54 j and Brit. Assoc. Reports,” Dundee, 1912. J. C. Irvine. Thomas Purdie. W. N. Haworth. J. L. A. Macdonald. William S.Denham. Johnson, William, I‘ Walton,” Stoneygate Avenue, Leicester. Chemist to Messrs. Hawley & Johnson, Dyers, Leicester. Studied four years at Leeds University, specialising for two years in Colour Chemistry and Dyeing, and taking the B.Sc. degree in this subject with 1st Class Honours at end of third year. Leblanc medallist. Fourth year spent in research on Constitution of Aniline Black (work about to be published). A. G. Green. Arthur Smithells. J. B. Cohen. A. G. Perkin. Henry R.Procter.Jones, Harold Bramfleld, Broadway House, Northolme Road, Highbury, London, N. Correspondence Tutor in Chemistry. Four years study in Chemistry at London University (Internal Student) ; Candidate for B.Sc. (Hons. Chemistry) in October, 1913; 2 years as a corresponding Tutor in Chemistry. W. H. Mills. C. R. Wilkins. John Spiller. Alex. McKenzie. H. Wingate. Alex. C. Cumming. Khan,Gholam Raaual, Lyallpur, Punjab, India. Student. (1) B.Sc. (Durham). (2) Barrister. (3) Wish to con-tinue studies of Chemistry in connection with Indian Agriculture. S. Hoare Collins. J. A. Smythe. P. Phillips Bedson. F. 0. Garrett. Herbert Blair. Leivesley, Sidney Oliver, c/o W. Leivesley, Esq., Chillagoe, Nth. Qoeensland, Australia.Analyst and Assayer. Assistant to Leo Taylor, F.I.C., Public Analyst for Hackney. B. C. Smith. W. M. Seaber. Percy Edgerton. E. G. Streim,er. F. H. Strsatfeild. Lewis,William John, 10, Lightoaks Road, Pendleton, Manchoster. Analytical Chemist. I received my training in Chemistry at the Royal Technical Institute, Salford, 1903-1907. I am at present Chief Assistant in the Central Laboratory of the British Cotton and Wool Dyers Assocn., Ltd. C. Rawson. J. R. Appleyard. Ad. Liebmann. B. Prentice. E. Clark. Lycett, Percival James, Castle Hill, Wolverley, Kidderminster. Works Chemist. Four years' training at Birmingham University in Cbemistry, Bacterioldgy, and Metallurgy. Experience as Analytical Chemiet in the General Laboratories of Messrs.Chance and Hunt's, of Oldbury, and later as Works and Analytical Chemist to the County Chemical Co. of Birmingham. Arthur E. Crutchley. H. J. Aubrey.B,.8. Shorthouse. 9'. Vaughan Hughes. EWTYSilvcsttw 321 Marchent, Frank Clifford, St. Kilda’s, Msnor Road, Forest Hill, S.E. Scientific and Technical Chemist and now reading for the qualification of A.I.C. About two and a-quarter years as student-assistant, and afterwards as assistant, in consulting and technical research laboratory. Wishes to extend his reading by the privilege of access to the Chemical Society’s library ; to be well in touch with current chemical literature; and to be able frequently to attend the meetings of the Society. Charles E. Cdssal. A.H. M. Muter. J. Kear Colwell. Cecil H. Cvibb. Cyril Dickiuson. P. A. Ellis Rkhurds. Naik, Kunerji Gosai, Berhampore, Dist. Murshidabad, Bengal, India. Senior Professor of Chemistry, Krishnath College, Berhampore, Dist. Murshidabad, Bengal, India. M.A., B.Sc. (Bombsy University). Senior Prof. of Chemistry io one of the First Grade Colleges of the Calcutta University ;one of the Board of Examiners at the Inter. Arts and Science Exam. in Chemistry of the Calcutta University. T. K. Gajjar. M. J. Gajjar. A. R. Normand. Kapibram H. Vakil. G. R. Rele. Nichols, John Allen, Stanley Mount, New Mills, Stockport. Head Master, New Mills County, Secondary School. Twenty-five years teacher of Chemistry at the New Mills Science and Technical School, and lecturer on the Uhemistry of Bleaching, Dyeing and the products of coal tar.At present teachea Chemistry in the Secondary School and is Organising Master nnder the County Council of the Evening Classes in Chemistry and ‘l’echnology for the district. S. Bradbury. Norman Smith. Fred. R. Grundey. E. C. Edgar. Fred R. Watson. Ch. Veiomann. Thomas B. Hallowell. A. Lapworth Harold B. Dixon. W. Gwdon Carey. Pattison,John Thomas, 72, Bath Road, Southsea, Hants. Analyst. Student at Rutherford College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Chief Analyst to the Aluminium Corporation, Ltd., Wallsand-on-Tyne. At 322 present Assistant Analyst, Admiralty Chemist’s Department, H.M. Dockyard, Portsmouth. Arnold Philip. F. W. F. Arnaud. Frank Wade.M. 0.Forster. James C. Philip. Powell, Wilfrid Roberts, 14, Marlborough Road, Richmond, Surrey. Student, B.A. (London). Chemistry taken in Matriculation, Inter. mediate, and Final, at King’s College, London. Assistant Analyst to The Britich Drug Houses, Limited, for 34 years. Charles Alex. Hill. Henry L. Smith. J. Adam Watson. Herbert Jackson. W. L. Howie. James D. Kettle. Geo. Bult Francis. R? A. H. NayZov. Patrick H. Kirkaldy. John. M.Thomrron. Pracy, Henry Edward Findlater, 25, Grosvenor Park, Cambermell, S.E. Scholar of Cbrist’s College, Cambridge. I am going up to Cambridge for a course of Natural Science in October, and while I am there I intend to specialise in Chemical Research, and for this reason Idesire to become a Fellow of the Society.Chw. E. Browne. Henry E. Armstrong. E. W. L. Foxell. C. S. Mummery. J. Vargas EYT~. Rolfe, Benedict Hugh, M.A.(Oxon.), Wheatley, near Oxford. Consulting Eogineer Chemist. Education : Magdalen College School and Merton College, Oxon. M.A. Oxon. Originally in Medical School, Oxford University, but left in 1896 to undertake study and research in Industrial Chemistry and Physics. In professional practice as Consulting Engineer Chemist since 1900, principally in connection with Uranium, Vanadium, and treatment of Radioactive Minerals. John S. MacArthur. James F. Readman. Allan F. Walden. W. W. Fisher. John Watts. Stott, Philip Howard, Tottington Road, Harwood, Bolton, Lancs. Analytical Chemist. Works Chemist, Messrs.Jno. Summers and Sons, Stalybridge, Cheshire. Associate of the Manchester Municipal School of Technology, Holding the Certificate of the Victoria University of Manchester in Technical Science and Chemical Tech nolog y. E. Knecht. E. L. Rhead. H. F. Coward. F. S. Sinnatt. S. J. Peachey. Stuart, John McArthur, Balliol College, Oxford. Student of Chemistry. Studied chemistry for two years at Edin-burgh University, and for two years at Oxford. D. H. Nagel. H. B. Hartley. T. S. Moore. M. P. Applebey.iV. V. Sidgwick. Sutcliffe, John Algernon Lacy, 44,Broad Street, Birmingham. Analytical Chemist. Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. Assistant Analyst to the City of Birmingham. Studied at the University of Leeds.Formerly Assistant to Dr. Harry Ingle, D.Sc., &C. Arthur Smithells. W. Lowson. J. B. Cohen. W. H. Perkins. G. D. Elsdon. Tayler, Harold Frank, 105, Barrow Road, Streatham, London, S.W. Schoolmaster. Matriculated 1909. Studied Chemistry and Allied Sciences at University College, London, 1908-1910, and at King’s College, London, 1910-12. Anxious to keep myself acquainted with current chemical research John M. Thomson. William Ramsay. Patrick H. Kirkaldy. F. Ton Richardson. Howard V. Potter. Tennant, Robert, 4,Park Terrace, Queen’s Park, Glasgow. Chemical Engineer and Analyticd Chemist. Studied Chemistry at Royal Technical College, Glasgow. For 24 years assistant to Douglas A. MacCallum, Esq., Analytical and Consulting Chemist, Glasgow.Assistant Chemist with Nobel’s Explosives Co., Ardeer, for about 1 year. Manager of the Producer Gas Department of Messrs. Brand’s Pure Spelter Co., Irvine, and supervised much experimental work in this capacity. Member Society of Chemical Industry. Douglas A. MacCallum. F. J.Wilson. J. C. Butterfield. F. W. Harvis. William Fowler. A. D.Gardiner. 324 Walker, Henry, 10, Melrose Terrace, West Kensington Park, W. Mechanical Engineer ; Specialist in Cement Making Machinery ; Fertiliser and Sulphuric Acid Plants. Designer of Installations for the Manufacture of Superphosphate Manures, and Specialist in the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid on the latest Continental systems. H. E. Macadam. J. Bruce Miller. Robert Stephenson, jun.Herbert R. Neech. John 8. Rigby. Wood, Henry, The Limes, 62, Culverden Road, Balham, S.W. Studied Chemistry at Birkbeck College under Dr. J. E. Mackenzie and Dr. Alex. McKenzie, and now engaged in research. Alex, McKenzie. G. W. Clough. Fred Barrow. Geoffrey Martin. Gerald H. Martin. The following Certificate has been authorised by the Council for presentation to ballot under Bye-law I. (3) : Weloh, Bertie Mandel, Sydney. Analyst and Assayer. Learned Chemist,rp in Alexander Om's laboratory and Sydney Technical College, and passed S.T.C.Exams. Was Chief Chemist to the Lloyd Copper Co., N.8. Wales for five years, and Chemist with the Sulphide Corporation for three years. Experimented and reported on Oil Separation Process of IJoyd Copper Ores.Am Member of Society of Chemical Industry, and for six years have been partner of Alexander Orr as Public Analyst. Alexander Orr. Francis L. Watt. Andrew J. Dixon. T.'IT. Wtrltou. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHEMICAL SOCIETIES EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE THIRD SESSION OF THE COUNCIL HELD IN THE INSTITUT SOLVAY (PHYSIOLOGIE), PARC LGOPOLD, BRUSSELS September 19th-23rd, 1913 The following is a complete list of the members of the Council of the International .bsociation of Chemical Societies arranged in alphabetical order of the names, in the French language, of the countries they represent. Deutsche Chemische Gesellschuft. P JACOBSON,Sigismundstrasse 4, Berlin W., 10. W.OSTRALD,Gross-Bothen, Kgr., Sachsen.0. S. WITP,Ebereschenallee 10, Westend, Berlin. The Chemical Society (London). A. 11'. CROSSLET,10, Crediton Road, West Hampstead, London, N.W. P. F. FRAXI~LAND,The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. WILLIAM RAMSAY, 19, Chpster Terrace, Regent's Park, London, N.W. Vwein Oesterreichischer Cliemiker. G. UOLDSCHJIIEDT,W'ahringerstr. 10, Wien IX. I,. MBRCHLEWSKI,Die Universitat, Krakau. K.WEGSCHEIDER,Wahringerstr. 10, Wien IX. 326 Xvcie‘te‘ Chiniiqur dr B~lyiqucp. L. CRISMER,l’hcole Militaire, Rue HobBma, Bruxelles. H. VAN LAER,83, Rue Berckmans, Bruxelles. J. WAUTERS,53, Rue Souveraine, Bruxelles. Keniisk Forening, Kj6bedl((m. E. BIILMANN,Ostervoldgade 5, Kjobenhavii. N. BJERRUBI,Ostervoldgade 5, Kjobenhavn.J. PETERSES,Solvgade 83, Kjobenharn. fivciedad E.yxciioltc di Fisicu y Quimica. J. CAYARES,GIL, I’Universit6 de Madrid, Madrid. E. HAUSER,Ecole des Mines, Madrid. J. R. MOURELO,Calle del Piamonte 14, Madrid. America?a Chenzical Rociety. H. R. MOODY,330, Convent Avenue, Sew York City, U.S.A. W. A. NOTES,The University, Urbana, Ill.,U.S.A. J. D. PENSOCK,Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N.Y., 1J.S.A. Xocie‘te‘ C’11imique C.?P FIYLU~~. A. R~HAL,4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Pariq. A. HALLEL<, 10, RW T’aiiqiLelin, Paris. hl. HANRIOT,11,Quai Conti Paris. .Yederlandsclie Chemisclie Vereeniging. E. J. COHEN,Van’t Hoff Laboratorium, Utrecht. A. F. KOLLEMAN,Oosterpark 59, Amsterdam. S. HOOGEWERFF:Kleinhuize, Rasseniiar. Soci.ntd Chimica Italiam.A. MENOZZI,R. Scuola Superiore di Agraria, Via Marsala 8, Milano. A. OGLIALORO,Istituto Chimico, Universita, Napoli. E. PATERN~,Via Panisperna, 89 B, Roma. 327 Tokyo Chemical Society. N. NAGAI, Imperial University, Tokyo. J. SAKURAI,Imperial University, Tokyo. T. TAKAMIATSU, Imperial University, Tokyo. Polytelmitd; Fo ren iwgs Kem ilce rg ,’tippe, Kr ist iumiciI A. AUBERT, Dynamitfabrik, Engene, Sktre. H. GOLDSCHMIDT,Dranimensveieri 82, Kristiania. C. N.RIIBER,Technische Hochschule, Trondhjem. I2 ii ssin 11 Chemical S’ocid y. S. S. KUEXAKOW,Berg-Institut, St. Petvrsburg. L. A. TSCHUGAEFF,The University, St. Petersbnrg. P. J. WALDEX,The Polytechnic, Riga. &’chiLoeizc?ri.sche Chemi,sche Gesellschaft.F. FICHTER,Neubadstr. 35, Basel. P. A. GUYE,3, Chemin Bizot, Florissant. Geiir. A. WERSER, Freiestr. 111, Ziirich V. Ail members of Council, excepting the delegates from the ‘‘ Verein Oesterreichischer Chemiker,” the Amrrican Chemical Society,” the ‘‘ Tokyo Chemical Society,” and the ‘‘ Pol) teknisk Forenings Kemiker- gruppe, Kristiatiia,” were present at the meetings in Brussels. There were also present, in an advisory capacity only, C. Xarie (SociktB de Chimie-Physique), F. Auerbach (Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft), T. M. Lowry (The Faraday Society). The Officers were : Sir William Ramsay, President ; Percy Faraday Frankland, Vice-Pwsident; Arthur William Crossley, Gencml Secyetnry The President occupied the Chair at all the meetings of the Council.Since the last meetings of the Council held in Berlin, in April, 1912 the Socidtt5 Chimique de Belgique has joined the Association, the total membership of which may be seen from the following list :- 328 Nninber of 1)aIe of crlll’~, Jlenibers. Deutsche Cheinische Gesellschaft . . April 25th, 1911, :3,:35(3 The Chemical Society (London) . . . April 25~11,1911. 3,208 Verein Osterreichischer Chctniker . . October 28tJh,1911. 1,050 SociBt’P: Chiniiqiie dc Bclgiqiie , . . . August, tith, 191:j. .i1 0 Kemisk Forening, Kjobenliavn . . . Jnn1i;Lt.y %r(l, 1912. 1% Sociedad Espiiola t3i Fisica J Qriiinira April IOtli, 1918. 3.i3 American Chemical Societ8y . . . . . October (jth, 1911.ci.O!)l Socidtk Chimiqrie de France . . . . April ?:jtli, 1911. 1,023 Nederlandsche Cheniische T’ereenigiiig Jul~14th, 1911. 515 Societh Chitnica 1tnIi:mx . . . . . , J:iiiii:iry 1lth, l!)l?. 6.34 Tokyo Cheniical Societmj . . . . . . 41xch 1St8h,l!)l_”. 3(jT Polgteknisk Foreriings Ketriikcrgruppe. Krist’iania . . . . . . . . . . . Oct,obc.r 2iTtli, I!)l1. 125 Russian Cheinical Society . . . . . October 22nd, 1911. 410 Schweizerische Chemische Gesellscliaft. Biigiist 3rt3, 1911, 3G7 The following Societies, riot represcnted oil t’lie Council, each sent one delegate in an advisory capacitv only to thc meetings in Brussels, September, 1913, Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschat’t fur An- gewandtc Physikalische Chemie . . June l!)th, 1911.777 The Faraday Society (London) . , . April ;IOth, 1912. “18 SociQtkde Chiniie Phjsiqne . . . . June 15th, l!lll. 28.j 19,588 In response to an invitation from the President, Professor I-Iallei.gave an account of the negotiations which had taken place betweer1 Monsieur Ernest Solvay and certain representatives of the Internntliorial Association and which had resulted in the offer by Xonsieur SoI~ay to make an unconditional gift of 250,000 francs to the Asswiation. Further, Monsieur Solvay proposed to found an ‘‘ 1nterii;ttioniil Institute of‘ Cheniistry,” which shall hare for its object the faci1it;Ltion of the study and progress of chemistry, without, however, esrl iitling problems belonging to other branches of the natiiml sciences, provitlctl these have some bearing on the science of cheinistrj. The Institritc will be governed by an Administrative Commission ” of three Belgian members (one ~iominnted by His Mixjesty the King of the Belgians, a 329 second by the University of Brussels, and a third by Monsieur Ernest Solvay) and by a Delegation of the Council of the International ds.soci:iticrn of Chemical Societies, consisting of Messrs.Haller, Ostwald and RiLrnsay. The Institute will have an annual income of 55,000 to 56,000 francs, the intcrest on 1,000,000 francs, which is to be distributed in such a nianner that, for the next twent,y-eight years, two-thirds of this sum (37 500 hncs) will be placed at the disposal of the International hsqociation of Chemical Societies, whilst the remaining third will be eniployed in establishing scholarships for Belgian students.The Council gratefully accepted Monsieur Solvay’s offers and pro- ceded to consider the Statutes of the “Institut International de Chimie Solvny,” which with some slight alterations were adopted. The Council gladly acceded to Nonsienr Sol\ay’s wish that he should be allowed to nominate two persons to attend all lectures given in the i( Institut International dc Chimie ” and hither passed the following resolution :-“ Ces sessioiis se tiendront aiitant que possible une fois sur deux k Bruxelles.” Monsieur Solvay has also provided the International Association with Offices in Brussels, where the archives will be kept and a permanent Secretary is to be appointed to take charge of them, and to conduct the general business of‘the Association.The Council then considered the Statutes of the Iriternntional Association, in which some alterations were necessitated by the acceptance of Monsieur Sol\ RY’S gifts ; for as the Association has thereby become possessed of funds, certain provisions of Belgian law must be complied with, and the Statutes have therefore been referred to R small Committee for revision and will be finally considered at the next meeting of the Council. The llleinbers of the Delegation of the Council of the Association on the Governing Body of the .‘ Institut International de Chimie Solvay ” (JIessrs. Haller, Ostwald and Ranisay) together with Jfessrs. Guye, Paternb, Van Laer and M‘alden were appointed a Commission to report at the next Session of the Council on the employment of the financial resources of the Association: and further to advise the 330 Bureau (a)on the investment of the funds belonging to thc Associa- tion, (b) on the use of the interest arising therefrom, (c) on the use of the income of the Institut International de Chimie Solvny.” I‘ Professor Haller was elected President of the Association for the ensuing year, and it was decided that the next meetings should be held in Paris, sometime during the first fifteen days of September, 1914.The Officers of the Associatiori at the present time are therefore :-Pmido?t.-Albin Haller, 10,rue Vanyuelin, Paris. Yice-P,.csidci~t.--nlI. Hanriot, 1I, Quai Conti, Paris.Gewd Secixtniy-A. BQhal, 4, Avenue de l’observatoire, Paris. and all communications should be addressed to Professor A. BQhal. Statutes for the affiliation of the International Committee on Atomic Weights ” were next discussed and with certain alterations they were accepted by the Council, provided the International Cominittee on Atomic Weights is willing to adopt the suggesied alterations. Professor Guye presented A report on the “Unification of abbreviations of titles for Scientific Journals used in Chemical Memoirs,” and gave an explanation of its aims and objects. As a result of the discussion which followed, the Council decided to conimunicate with the editors of all periodicals publishing chemical memoirs.If it appears that a sufficient majority is of opinion that great convenience would follow from a unification of abbreviations of titles for Scientific Journals, the Council of the International Association will then communicate with the Council of the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific Literature and ask them to arrange the conditions necessary for publishing a separate list of the abbreviations used by the International Catalogue for periudicnls publishing chemical memoirs. The Council will request that this list be submitted, in the first place, to a small Commission (composed of certain persons nominated by the Council of the International Association), which shall satisfy itself that the list is complete and propose simplifications compatible with the rules adopted by the International Catalogue. 331 As soon as an agreement is arrived at, the list will be circulated among the Societies affiliated to the Association, togef,her with an invitation definitely to adopt the abbreviations for all future publications. Professor Werner read and explained the Report of the Commission appointed to consider the question of ‘(the mitigation of the difficulties arising from the existing multiplicity of languages employed in scientific literature,” and pointed to the possibility of the formation of an Intern%tional Journal of Abstracts in three languages, in which all publications of a chemical nature would be dealt with.After prolonged discussion the Comiiiission was reappointed to report to the next meeting of the Council, more particularly on three points :-(a) the publication of an International Journal of Abstracts in three languages ; (b) the publication of three editions of an International Journal of Abstracts, namely, in English, French and German.(c) the publication of an International Journal, containing tmns- lations into either English, French or German of original papers appearing in the lesser known languages. The question of co-operation in the publication of Abstracts, as raised in a letter from Professor W. A. Soyes, was also referred to this Commission for consideration and report. A statement was read relative to the answers received to the letters sent to members of Council with regard to :-(a) the adoption of Weltformat (16 x 22.6 cm.) for all publications. (b) the universal adoption of the metric system for terms expressing weight and mass.(c) Suggestions as to new terms of nomenclature. The replies received were unanimously unfavour%ble to the adoption of Weltformat; in favour of' the use of the metric system, and generally in agreement with the views of the Council that the introduction of new suggestions for nomenclature in place of existing terms should be avoided as far as possible until the question of nomenclature has been formulated by the Association. This is not meant to pre-judice the publication of new suggestions when the necessity arises in consequence, for example, of the discovery of new types of compounds.Authors' suggestions regarding nomenclature should be submitted to the existing committees for their considera- tion. The Coozmcil Yeccived and adopted thc follozciiag Repoi't fivm the Commission foy the Unijicutioit of P~ilysico-ChemicnlAYymboIs. A meeting of the International Coinniission for the Unification of Physico-Chemical Symbols was held in the Institut Solvay, Brussels, on Monday, September 22nd, 1913, when the following list of symbols was drawn up and recommended for provisional adoption by the Council till its next meeting in 1914. In drawing up the list of symbols, the Commission decided to adopt as fwCIS possible, as a basis of notation, the following two principles, namely : 1.Each symbol shall have only one definite signification 2. Where it appears impossible to avoid using the same letter for different quantities, the symbols shall be distinguished by a letter, added as subscript. This second principle was also adopted in the case of individual members of a group, e.g., volume, specific volume, molecular volume, critical volume, &c. The Commission, however, recognised that there are practical difficulties in the way of a strict adherence to these principles. Although, therefore, in the list of symbols reconirnended by the Commission, a given symbol may have more than one signification, the Commission have also suggested alternative symbols which may be used in those cases where confusion may arise.Thus, for example, the Conimission recommends that R should be used as the symbol both for the gas constant and for electrical resistance ; but that in those cases \There there is a possibility of confusion, the alternative symbol Rw may be einployed for the latter quantity. The addition of the letter IV here recalls the use of this letter for electrical resistance frequently met with in Germany. In making these suggestions, the Cominission took into consideration the synibols proposed by the National Committees of the American, French and London Cheinical Societies, as well as by the Bunsen Gescllschaft, the Busschuss fur Einheiten und Formelzeichen, and the International Electro-technical Cornmission. A large measure of agreement already existed between the proposals of these different bodies, but in those cases where there was disagreement, the reasons for the adoption by the Conimission of the symbols recommended are stated in the colurrin headed "Remarks." The Cornmission decided to recommend the employment of only Greek and Roman characters, and, in the case of the latter, that the letter< should be printed in the italicised (sloping) f07'7?2.The Com-niisiion was of opinion that sinall Roman capitals should not be einploj-ed on account of the difficulty of distinguishing them from the ordinary letters. :yinbols Kecommended. Same of Quaiitit).. Usual Symbol. Acceleration due to gravity... g AngstrOrn unit (10-10 metre). A BIwl ,,. ...... Q The symbols a, F, and a .I. have been variously sng-gested. The Commission recommends q (quadrate,Quadrat), as a suitable international symbol. 334 Symbols Recommended. Klilnie of Quantity. Remarks. Base of natural logarithms ... Co-ordinates, variables ~.. Critical quantities : pressure, volume, temperature (Centi- I grade), temperature (abso- lute), density 1 Density (mass per unit volume Diameter .. . ... ... Differential sign, total . . . Differential sign, partial ... Fluidity ... ... ... Force .. . ... ... ... Gas constant pel* rnole . . . Height . . . ... ... Increment ... ... ... Lengt'h ... Mass ... ... ... ... ... ... Nean free path . . . ... Micron (10-0 metre)... .. . Millimicron (lo-:) metre) .. . Number (of terms, revolu-tions, &c.) ; number of moIecules Number of moles ... ... Recommended in place of Greek letters, in accord- ance with the generalprinciples adopted by the Commission. Dmay be used, for exam-ple, in the differential tiD dt Suggested ; not definitely recommended. Riiggested ; not definitely recommended. Suggested ; not definitely recommended. A, may be used in order to distinguish from h=~ave-length of light. The Conimission recog-nises that the symbol pp (=px lo+) is not strictly logical, but recommends that owing to the uni- versality of its use it should be retained. 3 35 Symbols Recommended. Kame of Quantity. Remarks. usual ~~~~~~ Symbol* Symbol.1. General Physics aid Xathematics-contii. Pressure ... ... ... Pressure, osmotic .,. ... Radius ... ... ... Ratio of circumference to diameter Reduced quantities : pressure, volume, temperature, den- sitySummation sign ... ... Surface tension ... ... The nse of y is recorn. mended as chief symbol on account of its employ- ment in the classical re- searches dealing with this subject. Time ... ... ... ... van der Waals’ constants ... Variation sign ... ... Velocity ... ... ... Velocity, angular . . . ... Velocity components in three directions Viscosity . . . ... ... This symbol is recom-mended as being in ac-cordance with the usage among physicists. Volume (in general) . . . ... Volume, specific ...... Volume, atomic ... ... Volume, molecular . . ... Weight, as gravitational force Work ... ... ... * The letter A has been adopted as the symbol for ‘(Work I’ by the Ausschuss fur Einheiten und Formelzeichen and by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The latter body has adopted IY as an alternative symbol. 336 Symbols Recommended. Name of Quantity. Remarks. Symbol. 2. General Chemistry. Atomic weight, and gram-A atomic weight Concentration (units not C specified)Equilibrium constant ... R Mole fraction ... ... X Molecular and gram-molecular llf weight van't Hoff coefficient ... i Velocity coefficient . . . ... ?i -3. Heat and Thermodynamics. Energy, in general ... ... E Suggested ; not definitely recommended.Entropy ... ... ... cp rhis symbol, used by Wil-lard Gibbs and others, is recommended, since S is adopted for molecular heat. Intrinsic energy .. . ... U Latent heat, per gram ... I Latent heat, Der mole ... L IL Mechanical equivalent 0, -,at J Molecular heat . . . ... X Molecular heat at constant SP pressureMolecular heat at constant 8" volume Quantity of heat .,. ... QRatio of specific heats Y rhis symbol is recom-mended in preference to( =SzJiSv) K as being in growing use amongst physicists. 337 I ~ Symbols Recommended. I 3. Heat and Thenlaodylanmics-contd. Specific heat ... S The symbol 8 is recom-I.. Specific heat at constant SP mended in place of c 5s being in growing use pressure among physicists, and to Specific heat at constant su avoid confusion with volume “concentration” Temperature, Centigrade ...t or to e may be used when I‘ tem-perature ” and “ time” occur in the same ex-pression. Temperature, absolute ... T 4. Optics. Intensity of illumination . . . r I Refractive index ... ... r?, Recommended as findingmost general approyal. I Refractive power, specific The second symbol is used (Gladstone and Dale) when it is desired to iu-dicate the temperatureand wave-length of light. Refractive power, specific(1(Lorentz and Lorenz) Refractive power, molecular i[&I; [-Rotation, angle of optical ... a Rotatory power, specific . . . Rotatory power, molecular ... Suggested ; not definitely recommended. Velocity of light .,... v Suggested ; not definitely recommended. Wave-length of light .., A 338 Symbols Recommended. Name of Quantity. Remarks. Symbol. 5. Electricity and ,Vaguetisnz. Capacity (electric) ... ... Charge, unitary (charge on an Conductivity (specific con-Conductivity equivalent ... electron) ductance) 1000 K concentration in gram-equivalents per litre. 1= Conductivity equivalent (at different dilutions-volumes in litres containing 1 gram equivalent) Conductivity, equivalent, of cation and anion Conductivity, equivalent, specified ions Current ... ... of ... Dielectric constant . . . ... As an nbbreciatioii, the symbol D.C. is recom-mended. Dissociation, electrolytic, de- gree of (degree of ionisa-tion) This is recommended in preference to y on ac-count of the adoption of the latter symbol for sur-face tension and ratio of specific heats.Electro-motive force.. . ... E Permeability, magnetic .. . Potential, single electrode, or decomposition potential of an ion Faraday’s constant .. . ... P P c PP The symbol E is recom-mended in place of E as the latter is adopted as the symbol for electro-motive force. Potential measured the hydrogen or against calomel fh> * electrode respectively, which s taken as unity 33 '3 Symbols Recornmonded. Name of Quantity. Remarks. Symbol. 5. Electricity and Nagnetism-contd. Quantity of electricit,y ... QResistance ,.. The symbol R has been .a.*.. R R,Y adopted by the Inter-national Electrotechnical Commission. Susceptibility, magnetic .., Ti*ansport number of cation and of anion Velocity of cation and of anionin cm./sec. whenthepo- tential gradient is 1volt/cni.Velocity of specified ions under unit potential gra-dient The Commission reserved consideration of symbols for the followiiig quantities : Coefficient of self-induction ; Concentration, expressed in various units ; Current density ; Diffusion coefficients ; Free energy ; Mobility of ions ; Solubility ; Critical solution temperature. The Coziiacil yeceived the following Report frolil the Inorganic Xomen-clntwe Committee, aid adopted the reconmendations coiztaiiaed thweiit. '(After consideration of the reports of the Kational Committees, this Committee is unanimously in favour of adopting the symbols : I for Iodine Xe ,, Xenon.W ,, Wolfram. Nb ,, Niobium. but is of opinion that the question of adopting t,he symbol Be for Beryllium, in place of Gl, should be referred to the prospective Inter- 340 national Commission on Inorganic Nomenclature, with a strong recom- mendation in favour of the symbol Be. The Committee recommends that in indexing inorganic compounds the constituent atoms, including carbon, should be arranged in alpha- betical order. It is not desirable to place carbon at the commencement of the formula as is usual in indexing organic compounds. It is, however, desirable to make an exception to the alphabetical order in the cases of hydrogen and oxygen, which should always be placed at the end of the formula.In order to facilitate reference to compounds containing water of crystallisation, it is suggested that it would be desirable to insert, after the formula of the anhydrous compound, the formulz of the hydrated varieties, both in the form F+zH,O, and in the empirical form with t,he hydrogen arid oxygen embodied therein. Binary compounds are to be regarded as additive and not as subsli- tution compounds, the negative component forming the termination, and indicating the class of compound, and the positive component providing the name of the individual. The recommendations of the Austrian and Russian Xational Com-mittees for indicating the relative numbers of atonis of each element in the molecule are approved ; e.g.N,O, becomes dinitrogen pentoxide and not nitrogen pentoxide. In order to obtain shorter names for substances, it is considered desirable to indicate the vnlency of the positive component by means of a suffix, the valencies one to eight being represented by the suffixes 0,a, i, e, -on, -an, -in, -en, in the order given, e.g., the two chlorides of mercury would be respectively named mercuro and mercura chloride. It is recommended that an International Commission, composed of one member from each country represented in the Association, be appointed, with Professor Werner as Chairman, by November lst, 1913, at latest. This International Commission should appoint a small working Committee of seven members, whose expenses should be defrayed out of the funds of the International AsEociation of Chemical Societies.” 341 The Repo~t of the OTganic iVonzenclalz~re Committee did not deal v;ith details of nomeaclatwe.It contained the following Teeom-mendations to the Council :-(a) To appoint an International Commission on Organic Nomen- clature consisting of one delegate from each country represented in the Association ; this Commission to appoint a small working Committee of five members, not necessarily members of Council, to receive and consider the reports of the National Committees, and further to suggest methods for the organisation and carrying out of future work. (b) To defray the expenses of this small Committee out of the funds of the Association.After discussion of the suggestions contained in the above report, the Council resolved :-1. That International Commissions on Inorganic and Organic Nomenclature, also for the Unification of Physico-Chemical Symbols, be appointed, consisting of one delegate from each country represented in the Association. These Commissions shall appoint small working Committees of five members (in the case of the Inorganic Komenclature Commission, seven members), not necessarily members of Council, to receive and consider the reports of the National Committees, and further to suggest methods for the organisation and carrying out of future work. 2. That the expenses of these small Committees, including per- sonal expenses of members, shall be defrayed out of the funds of the Association.The following were then nominated to serve as members of the three International Commissions mentioned in Resolution 1 :-InorganicNomenclature Commission. OrganicNomenclature Commission, Uiiification of Physico-Chemical Symbols Commission. W. Ostwald. 0.K. Witt. W. Ostwald. W. Ramsay. R. Wegscheider. P. F. Frankland (Chail-man). W. Ramsay man). (Chair- L. cnsmer.. G. Goldschmiedt. R. Wegscheider. 342 Inorganic Organic Unification of Phpico-Nomenclature Nomenclature Chemical Symbols Commission. Commission, Commission. J. Petersen. H. T'an Laer. L. Crismer. J. Casares. E. Biilmann. N.Bjerrum. H. R. Moody. J. R. Mourelo. E. Hauser. M. Hanriot.13'. A. Koyes. J. D. Pennock. S. Hoogewerff. A. Belial. M. Hanriot. A. Menozzi. A. F. Holleman. E. J. Cohen. T. Takamatsu. E. Paternb. E. Paternb. H. Goldschmidt. J. Sakurai. N. Nagai. N. S. Kurnakow. C. N. Riiber. H. Goldschniidt. A. Werner (C1~ni~-L. A. Tschugaeff. P. J. Walden. man). F. Fichter. P. A. Guye. It was also resolved in accordance with a resolution proposed by Professor Cohen that :-The Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies, having considered the propositions for co-operation formulated by the 'IInternational Committee of Tables Annuelles de Constantes et Donndes Numeriques de Chimie, de Physique et de Technologie,' appoints a Commission, consisting of Messrs. Guye, Ostwald and Ramsay to determine, after consultation with the members of the Permanent Commission of the International Committee, how this co-operation can be realised and to present a report on this question at the next meetings of the Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies.A statement of accounts was presented and approved by the Council. Since, however, the Association is now possessed of funds affiliated Societies mill no longer be invited to pay any share of the expenses of the Association. 6. CLlY ASD SOSS, LTD., BRCSSWICI ST., gTlYFOBD BT., S.E., AND BENOAT, STFFOLE.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL9132900295
出版商:RSC
年代:1913
数据来源: RSC
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