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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 14, No. 199 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 14,
Issue 199,
1898,
Page 189-238
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摘要:
Issued 2411 1/1898 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE SECRETARIES. ~ ~ No. 199. Session 1898-9. THE BANQUET TO PAST PRESIDENTS. The Banquet to the Past Presidents who have been Fellows for half a century :-Elected. President. Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry, F.R.S. .May 18, 1841 . . 1882-83. Frankland, Sir Edward, K.C.B., F.R.S. ........December 20, 1847 .1871-73. Odling, William, M.B., F.R.S. , .January 17, 1848 .1873-75. Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus, Bart,, K.C.B., F.R.S. ...March 21, 1848 ..1875-77. Williamson, Alexander William, 1863-65* LL.D., F.R.S. .....May 15, 1848 .. 1869-71.Gladstone, John Hall, Ph.D., F.R.S. ........December 18, 1848 .1877-73. was held at the Whitehall Rooms, H8tel Mdtropole, on Friday, November 1lth, 1898, Professor James Dewar, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The following Fellows and guests were present :-Abel, Sir F.A., Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S. Basset, Mr. Henry. Aikin, Dr. W. Arthur. Beadle, Mr. Clayton.Allchin, Dr. W. H. Beale, Mr. W. P., Q.C.Allen, Mr. A. H. Beilby, Nr. George, President, Society of Armstrong, Prof. H. E., F.R.S. Chemical Indzutry.Atkinson, Dr. E. Bell, Mr. Chichester A. Attfielcl, Prof. John, F. R. S. Birdwood, Sir George, M.D., K. C.S.I. Bailey, Mr. Henry. Blagden, Mr. W. G. Baker, Mr. H. B. Hlount, Mr. Bertram. Barlet, Mr. S. Bloxam, Mr. A. G. Barnes, Mr. G. C. Borns, Dr. Henry. Barry, Sir J. Wolfe, K.C.B., F.R.S., Bottinger, Dr. H. T. Chairmanof Council, Society of Arts. Bowley, Mr. J. J.190 Brierley, Mr. J. F. Brothers, Mr. Alfred. Brothers, Mr. H. E. Brough, Mr. B. H. Brown, Prof. F. D. Brown, Dr. H. T., F.R.S. Brown, Prof. J. Campbe!l.Brown, Mr. N. T. Browne, Sir J. Crichton, F.R.S. Brnnton, Dr. T. Lauder, F.R. S. Butt, Mr. E. N. Burge, Mr. C. H. Burgess, Mr. W. T. Burne, Major-Gen. Sir Owen Tudor, G. C.S. I. Calvert, Mr. J. H. Cambridge .University, Vice-Chancellor of. Carpmael, Mr. A. Carteighe, Mr. M. Chattaway, Dr. F. D. Clarke, Sir Ernest, Secretary, Royal Agricultural Society. Clerk, Mr. Dugald.Clou-es, Prof. F. Cbokson, Mr. C. Cooper, Mr. Albert. Cooper, Mr. A. J. Bullen. Cooper, Mr. H. Creemer. Corfield, Prof. W. H. Cousins, Mr. W. J. Cresswell, Mr. C. G. Crookes, Mr.Joseph. Crookes, Sir William, F.R. S. Crossley, Dr. A. W. Dewar, Prof. James, F. R.S., The Presi- dent. Diamond, Mr. H. E. Dibdin, Mr. W. J. Dickins, Mr. F. Victor, Registrar of the Universityof London. Dodd, Mr. T. H. Donnelly, Maj.-Gen. Sir John, K.C.B. Secretary, flcienee and Art Depart- ?)bent.Duggan, Mr. T. R. Dunstan, Prof. Wyndham, F. R.S., Hono-rary Secretary. DuprB, Dr. A., F.R.S. Dyer, Dr. Bernard, President, Society of Public Analysts.Dgmond, Mr. T. 9. Elder, Mr. H. M., flecretary, Physical Society.Elliott, Mr. T. H., C.B., Secretary,Board of Agriczcltzcre.Evans, Sir John, K. C.B., Treas. R. 8. Evershed, Mr. Frank. Fairley, Mr. Thomas. Fenton, Mr. H. J. H. Festing, Maj.-Gen. E. R., F.R.S., Direc-tor, Science JWcsezdm, S.Kensington.Fisher, Mr. E. H. Fisher, Mr. W. W. Formoy, bIr. J. A. Forster, Dr. M. 0. Foster, Prof. G. C., F.R.S. Foster, Prof. Michael, See. R.S., Presi-dent-Elect, British Association. Francis, Mr. G. B. Frankland, Sir Edward, K.C. B., F.R.S. Frankland, Prof. P. F., P.B.S. Friswell, Mr. R. J. Gardner, Mr. J. A. Garwood, Mr. E. J. Geikie, Sir Archibald, F.R. S. Gilbert, Sir J. H., F.R.S. Gilchrist, Mr. D. A. Gladstone, Dr. J. H., F.R.S. Goldsmith, Mr. J. N. Goodwin, Mr. H. B., H.N. Go wland, Mr. William. Greenaway, Mr. A. J., Sub-Editor. Griffith, Mr. George. Grossinan, Mr. E. H. Groves, Mr. C. E., F. R.S., Editor. Guttman, Mr. Oscar. Hake, Dr. H. Wilson. Haldane, Mr. R. B., Q.C., M.P.Hall, Mr. S. Hall, Mr. S. G. Harbord, Mr. F. W. Harley, Dr. Vaughan. Harvey, Dr. J. Selwyn.Hehner, Mr. Otto. Henderson, Mr. G. Hewitt, Dr. J. T. Hibbert, Mr. W. Hichens, Mr. J. H. Hills, Dr. Hyde. Hills, Mr. Walter, President,rmaceutical flociety. Holloway, Mr. G. T. Hooper, Mr. E. Grant. Howard, Mr. David. Howard, Nr D. L. Huggins, Sir William, K. C.B., F. R.S. Huskisson, Mr. H. 0. Hutchinson, Mr. C. C. Jackson, Mr. Herbert. James, Mr. Alfred. Jones, Mr. G. F. Jndd, Prof. J. W., C.B., F.B.S., Deal?,Royal College of Science, London. Kellner, Dr. William. Kinch, Prof. Edward. Kipping, Prof. F. S., F.R.S. Kraftmeier, Mr. E. Lawes, Mr. C. Lawson, Dr. T. A. Lewis, Mr. R. M. Lister, The Rt.Hon. Lord, Pres. R.S. Lundholm, Mr. C. 0. Lupton, Mr. S. Luxmoore, Dr. C. M. Macan, Mr. Hugh.MacArthur, Mr. J. S. Mac Ewan, Mr. Peter. Phar- 191 MacMahon, Major P. A., R.A., F.R.S. Macnab, Mr. W. Magdalen, Oxford, President of. Mallet, Mr. F. R. Masters, Mr. W. Matthews, Dr. F. E. McAlpin, Mr. K. W. McLeod, Prof. Herbert, F.R.S. Meldola, Prof. Raphael, F. R. S., ForeignSecretary.Mercer, Mr. F. Messel, Dr. Rudolph. Miers, Prof. H. A., F.R.S. Millard, Mr. E. J. Milner, Mr. J. W. Minchin, Prof. G. M., F.R.S. Mond, Dr. Ludwig, F.R.S. Moody, Dr. G. T. Morgan, Mr. G. T. Morley, Dr. H. F. Morris, Dr. G. H. Moulton, Mr. J. Fletcher, Q.C., M.P., F.R.S. Muller, Dr. Hugo, F.R.S. Muspratt, Mr. S. K.Nathan, Major F. L. Noble, Sir Andrew, K.C.B., F.R.S. Odling, Mr. G. S. Odling, Prof. William, F. R. S. Ogston, Mr. G. H. Ostwald, Prof. W. Owen, Mr. J. F. Page, Mr. F. J. M. Perkin, Dr. W. H. , F. R. S. Perkin, Prof. W. H., jun., F.R.S. Peterhouse, Cambridge, Master of. Pickering, Rlr. S. U., F.R.S. Pilcher, Mr. R. B. Ping, Mr. W. Plimpton, Dr. R. T. Prideaux, Sir Walter, Clerk of the Gold-smiths’ Company. Pullar, Mr. R. D. Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., F.R.S., ,Senior Physicu6n, Guy’s Hospital.Ranisay, Prof. William, F.R. S. Rayleigh, The Rt. Hon. Lord, F. R. S. Reay, The Rt. Hon. Lord, G.C.S.I., Pres. University College, London. Redwood, Mr. Boverton. Renaut, Mr. F. W. Rideal, Dr. Samuel. Robbins, Mr. J. Roberts, Sir Owen, Clerk of the CZoth- workers’ Company. Roberts-Austen, Prof.W. C., C.B., F.R. 8. Robertson, Rev. Dr. A., Princzpnl of King’s College, London. Ross, Mr. Callender. Rotton, Mr. J. F., Q.C. Riicker, Prof. A. W., Sec. R. S. Russell, Dr. W. J., F.R.S. Salamon, Rlr. A. G. Schweich, Mr. E. Scott, nr. Alexander, F.R. S. Scott, Mr. E. L., Clerk of the Salteis’ Contpany.Sheridan, Mr. M. J. Slater, Mr. Charles. Smallman, Mr. Alderman. Smee, Mr. A. H. Smith, Mr. C. Smithells, Prof. Arthur. Soper, Mr. A. L., Secretary, City and Guilds’ Institute. Spiller, Mr. John. Spiller, Mr. William. Sprengel, Prof. H. , F. R. S. Squire, Dr. W. S. Steele, Mr. Robert, Assistant Secretary. Stern, Dr. A. L. Stevenson, Dr.Thomas, President,Insti-tute of Chemistry.Stokes, Sir G. Gabriel, Bart., F.R.S. Strathcona and Mount Royal, The Rt. Hon. Lord. Swan, Mr. J. W., F.R.S., President, Institute of Electrical Engineers. rilaverncr, Mr. W. Taylor, Sir John, K. C. B., H.M. Ofice of Works. Terrell, Mr. H., Q.C. Thomson, Prof. John M. , F. R. S. Thorne. Dr. L. ‘r. Thorp, ‘Mr. W. Thorpe, Dr. T. E., F.R.S., EonoraryTreasurer. Tilden, Prof. W. A., F.R.S. Tookey, Mr. C. Towuson, Xr. T. Travers, Dr. M. W. Travers, Dr. W. Trigger, Mr. 0. Turnbull, Dr. G. L. Tutton, Mr. A. E. Tyrer, Mr. Thomas. Vincent, Mr. C. W. Voelcker, Mr. E. W. Wade, Mr. J-ohn. Wade, Mr. J. L. Webster, Sir Richard, Q.C., M.P., The Attorne?j-General. Wheelwright, Dr.E. W. Wightman, Mr Charles. Wilclrrmatl, Dr. Williamson, Prof. A. W., F.R.S. Williamson. llr. 0. K. Willimnson; Dr. Sidney.Wilson, Mr. T. Wood, Sir H. Truernan, Secr&wy, Society of Arts. Woodwar~I,Dr. Heiiry, F K.S. Wright, Mr. F. H. Wyriue, Ur. W. P., F.R.S., lirnorary Secrc tary. 192 The following toasts were proposed :-“HERMOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.” THEPRESIDENT: ‘(My Lords, Venerated Presidents, and Gentlemen, -1 have now the honour to propose to you the first toast. We are aware that the advancement of learning necessitates the possession of a peaceful environment, and that good sovereignty generates it. During the long life of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, Science has developed by extraordinary leaps and bounds.But for the peaceful quiet the scientific man has enjoyed, that progress would have been impossible. Every scientific man therefore may acclaim with the poet ‘She wrought her subjects lasting good.’ Long may she rule over this great empire, beloved and revered of her people. I give you ‘The Health of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen.’ “T.R.H. THE PRINCE AND PRINCESSOF WALES.” THE PRESIDENT:“I have now the honour of proposing to you the second toast, the health of ‘Their Royal Highnesses the Pririce and Princess of Wales and the other Members of the Royal Family.’ We know that Hie Royal Highness possesses in quite an exceptional degree two princely attributes, wisdom and prudence. We, as a nation, have recently had the opportunity of observing during the long time of trial that His Royal High- ness has passed t,hrough, that he possesses another virtue, that of fortitude.I am sure that we shall all look forward with pleasure to his rapid recovery, and to his return to the discharge of those multifarious duties he performs so well. I am sure that the whole sympathy of the nation is extended to Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales in the severe calamity that has befallen Her Royal House. I ought to mention that when this banquet was first proposed, a letter was sent from Marlborough House that expressed His Royal Highness’s views with regard to the action of the Society. He said he would like to have honoured the distinguished chemists, especially Lord Playfair, one of my earliest friends,’ by being present, had his engagements permitted it.Alas ! since that time Lord Playfair has passed away full of honours and renown. The Society has thus lost its oldest President and its one remaining original member. I give you the health of ‘The Prince and Princess of Wales and the other Members of the Royal Family.’ ” ‘‘THE PASTPRESIDENTS.” THE PRESIDENT:“Ihave now the honour to propose to you what you must all regard as a toast to which I cannot possibly do justice, the health of six of the most distinguished Past-Presidents of 193 the Chemical Society who for more than half a century have been members of that. body. It is admitted on all hands that Chemical Science has added enormously to the resources and power of mankind, and that its successful cultivation involves the exercise of every faculty of the human mind.We have here six illustrious examples of success-ful scientific culture, and, I would add, of bracing moral influence ; men whose one idea it has been, with steady aim and vigilant eye, to labour on with that sole incentive of scientific work, the triumphant hope of making an advance. These men have laboured for half a century in our interests, and they have added enormously to ow knowledge of the science. It is almost impossible to realise the variety of the work they have done ;the width of it is something appalling ; when I tell YQU that, amongst them, they have recorded upwards of four hundred and fifty separate communications-how many there are that have not been recorded, I cannot say-and that among these four hundred and fifty there are many papers of the highest importance, I am sure you will agree with me that they have exercised a remarkable influence on the development of our science.It was well that the Chemical Society of London-the oldest Chemical Society in the world-should inaugurate this banquet. The Council felt that prob- ably they might never again have the opportunity of calling together such a distinguished body of men as they have tho honour of offering this banquet to to-night. We are still able to go back to a man, who sits on my right hand, who worked in the laboratory of ThomasThomson, who has seen Dalton and the beginning of the Atomic Theory, probably the most wonderful of all the laws of Nature which man has ever been permitted to decipher.That being the case, the way in which the idea has been received by all the chemists of this country is apparent from the number of men of talent and the variety of classes here to-night. But beyond that, the sympathy of every chemist in the world is with us to- night at this banquet. The large number of congratulatory telegrams and communications that we have received to-day from every country where the science of chemistry is cultivated, will give some idea of the appreciation with which this banquet is regarded throughout the whole civilised world. We have received communications from France, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Austria, the United States, and other countries.It is unnecessary for me to read every name, for every man identi6ed with the progress of chemistry in every civilised country has responded by sending some form of congratula- tion. , In every case they write as if they were present with us, as you will understand from the few illustrations I will give you of the sympathetic language they use. Professor Friedel writes : ' I should have been happy to associate myself with the Chemical Society in doing honour to these veterans of science. I have the honour to be the friend 194 of most of them, and the beneficent action they have exerted on Chemical Science cannot be esteemed too highly. They form the finest phalanx of the Fathers of our science which exists in any country.With these sentiments, you will understand the liveliness of my regret to be able to take part from afar and in spirit onlyin the honour paid them.’ We have also received congratulations from learned societies both in Germany and Russia. At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society the following resolution was passed : ‘That the Society avail itself of the exceptional opportunity of being able to congratulate conjointly Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, Sir Edward Frankland, Professor Odling, Sir F. A. Abel, Dr. A. W. Williamson, and Dr. J. H. Gladstone, whose distinguished services during half a century stand out as a model for all investigators in chemical science, and also express the wish to see the further results of their labours in the annals of science for many years to come.’ The telegram from the German Chemical Society strikes me as very happy.Dr. Liebermann says : ‘The sister Society sends both Jubilee congratulations and greetings to the Jubilee celebration of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, Gilbert, Frankland, Odling, Abel, Williamson, and Gladstone.’ This shows, I think, that our Continental brethren appreciate the honour we desire to offer these distinguished men; and we need not be surprised that there is something more throughout these com- munications than mere cosmopolitanism in science. They breathe the spirit of friendly regard, of reverence, and even of love towards men who have done so much to advance the common cause of our science.How impossible it seems to sum up in any short speech the work that these men have done! If I attempted to classify them, I should say, that if we regarded them as twos and twos they would not group well together, but if we take three at a time, they bear somewhat close relations one towards another. I would say that Gilbert and Abel and Gladstone are monarchs of dependent kingdoms, whereas Frankland and Odling and Williamson are a triumvirate that have legislated towards the imperial side of chemical science. 6‘ The work of Gilbert, as we know, was early differentiated into that most complex and mysterious study, the study of organic life. For the last fifty years he has devoted his attention to the physiology of plant life in every phase of its development.With a skill that has been unprecedented, he has recorded from year to year the variations in the growth of every kind of nutritious plant. He has examined into the meteorological conditions, the variations of climate, of soil and of mineral agents, of drainage, and of every conceivable thing affecting the production and development of plant growth. These memoirs are admitted throughout the world to be unique in their importance. Wherever the chemist or the physiologist, the statistician or the 195 economist has to deal with these problems he must turn to the results of the Rothamsted experiments in order to understand the position of the science of our time.These results will be for ever memorable : they are unique and characteristic of the indomitable perseverance and energy of our venerated President, Sir Henry Gilbert. “The next among them, Sir Edward Frankland, I should characterise as one of the most remarkable experimentalists of this or any other age. He has been gifted with an absolutely unique faculty for experi-mental work and observation. The breadth and variety of his work is positively astounding. From early times devoted to the study of Organic Chemistry, he has branched out not only into Mineral Chemistry, but every form almost of applied industry. His early work on the organo-metallic bodies, so fertile in the way of future develop- ment, will be ever memorable. These bodies have been the means of adding to our knowledge of synthetical substances produced in the laboratory in a way that no other agencies have operated.Along with this work, he has executed investigations bearing on flame and the character of the light emitted by various boaes, and on a large number of questions connected with sanitary chemistry. His great work on the water supply of the United Kingdom, on the sewage question, and other industrial problems are generally acknowledged to be of great value and importance. Whatever work he has done is marked with the stamp of genius. ‘I The work of Odling has been an essential factor in the develop- ment of modern chemistry. It is characterised by precise and clear ideas, and an almost forensic ability for putting things in a straight, concise, and unembarrassing manner.His early labours in advancing the development of the newer chemistry deserve our warm gratitude, and his many published works and addresses on organic and inorganic chemistry, together with his translation of the work of Laurent, have all been of material service in diffusing a knowledge of our science. The papers he has contributed on Chemical Notation and on the question of types all display la marvellous precision as well as elegance of thought. Every one must admit the debt of gratitude we owe him for his iconoclastic labours in clearing out old and vague notions, and for the courageous manner in which he supported the newer ideas of his time. In the case of Abel, we have again a man who, at an early time, had his career differentiated for him, A distinguished student of Hofmann’s, his early work was directed to organic chemistry, but he soon diverged into other channels, directing his attention to problems bearing on the chemistry of naval and military matters. We all know his splendid work on gunpowder, guncotton, detonation, and the whole field of explosive agents.Whether in connection with accidents 196 in mines, from petroleum, or from flour, dust or other agency, Abel has been a marvellous experimenter in the whole field of explosive chemistry. While engaged in these investigations in applied chemistry, however, he was adding to the advancement of pure science by the light which his researches threw upon many questions of chemical theory and by the stimulus thus given to further inquiry.He has had the great satisfaction of living through the age of gunpowder. That body had been the recognised explosive for many hundred years, and I have no doubt that when he commenced his investigations with Noble on gunpowder he never dreamt that he would live to see the day when he would clear out that smoky material and replace it before he left the War Office by a powder that is smokeless. I need hardly tell you that he has also added to our debt of gratitude by the personal services he has rendered to many learned societies. "I come now to Williamson. The work of Williamson proclaims him a truly philosophic chemist. He has had probably the greatest satisfaction of any one I know.He cleared up one of the most intricate and recondite of chemical reactions, that with which we are familiar as etherification, and in so doing he struck at the very root of the chemical problems connected with atomic and mole- cular weights, and realised and cleared up for ever those mysterious modes of explanation which were undoubtedly faulty and insecure. Before his time, men as great as Berzelius, Mitscherlich, and Graham believed in that contact or catalytic action which in my early days bridged over the period between the old and the new, and was generally introduced when no other explanation was forthcoming. Williamson cleared all that away; but the discovery of these ethereal nepenthes did not act in chemistry as they would have done physiologically: they did not produce a soporific effect.They struck at the foundations of our science; and it is to his great credit that he originated advanced ideas, not only as to etherifica- tion, but as to molecular weights, type formula, and so forth. In fact the chemistry of our time would not be the chemistry of our time but for the work of Williamson. I would further add that he was one of the earliest to introduce the idea of dynamics into chemical science. His suggestion of the dynamical theory of the voltaic battery and of dynamic mobility in apparent stability has been exceedingly fruitful since his time; and if we add to them that most important and original idea of Frankland's, the saturation power of the elementary bodies, we have all the agencies of our modern scientific notions.One other debt of gratitude we owe to Williamson, and that is the interest he took in introducing into this country abstracts of all the important scientific memoirs published on the Continent. It is to him we owe those valuable abstracts which 197 have been printed for many years in the Chemical Society’s Journal, and have done so much for the advancement of our science. ‘‘Gladstone, on the other hand, represents a type somewhat different from that of any of the others that I have mentioned. He be- longs to a characteristically English variety of men who have studied science for its own sake. Like Spottiswoode, De la Rue, and Joule, he has not been a professional scientist in the ordinary sense, but has worked out his long and brilliant scientific career as a labour of patient love.Furthermore, he has created an entirely new depart- ment-that which is in modern times regarded as physical chemistry, of which we have here to-nigh t some distinguished representatives. For half a century he has worked on this side of chemistry, for his early investigation of the spectrum of the atmosphere was one of marvel- lous suggestiveness. He found that the spectrum of Fraunhofer varied at sunset and at sunrise from that at mid-day, and showed that a large number of those absorption lines must originate in the earth’s atmo- sphere. That discovery stimulated further inquiry as to the substance that could produce these lines so characteristic of the solar atmosphere ; and later experimenters have found it in the vapour of water and in oxygen.Gladstone’s greatest merit, however, lies undoubtedly in his optical researches on the atomic refractions and dispersions of the elements. He has determined the optical constants of hundreds of bodies, and has thus stimulated inquiry in that borderland between physics and chemistry whicb is so much cultivated in the present day, and the pursuit of which has added so much to our knowledge. He has also contributed largely to miscellaneous inquiries, especially those connected with various voltaic batteries, and other questions conducive to the study of both organic and inorganic chemistry.This is but a brief epitome of the work of these great men. It would be, as I have said, hopeless for me to attempt to sum up all their individual labours. We can only skim the surFace of the ocean of truth in which they bave navigated so well and so success-fully. But I will say this : that as experimentalists we are not likely to see their like again, and it is impossible to imagine a more extraordinary galaxy of chemical talent than these six Past-Presidents represent. They have rendered the science of chemistry more glorious for those who strive to follow; and the brilliant record of their discoveries can never be eliminated from the history of our Science. In the future, posterity will regard them as the most gifted and illustrious of the English chemists of the Victorian epoch.My Lords and Gentlemen,--I give you the health of our venerated Past-Presi- dents, Sir Henry Gilbert, Sir Edward Frankland, Professor Odling, Sir Frederick Abel, Professor Williamson, and Dr. Gladstone.” SIRJ. HENRYGILBERT: “After the extremely flattering and eloquent 198 ferms in which our President has referred to the work of the six Past-Presidents of the Society who are so highly honoured to-night, it is surely a difficult task to say anything in response. I feel that any words of mine would be entirely inadequate; and I must, I think, fall back on what I was intending to say, and give a little personal history of the early times of the Society. You are aware, most of you, that I am to-night in the position of the senior of the Past-Presidents, in consequence of the death of Lord Playfair. He was, as you know, one of the founders of the Society, and, before he died, the only survivor of those founders.I myself came in within three months of the foundation, and so had some knowledge of the Society’s early doings. In fact, before I was really admitted to the Society, under the influence of the late Professor Graham, I undertook the translation of a paper by Redtenbacher and Liebig on ‘The Atomic Weight of Carbon ’;and that paper occupies eighteen pages in the first volume of the Society’s Memoirs. I should say that, less than a fortnight ago, I received a letter from Lady Playfair, just before she left to visit her friends in America, in which she said with what interest he had looked forward to being present at the banquet appointed for June-but that was not to be.I first made the acquaintance of Playfair in Liebig’s Laboratory at Giessen, the year before the establishment of this Society, that is, in 1840. Playfair was at that time very busily occupied in translating the memorable work of Liebig, O?*ganic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculkure and Physiology ; and before the session was over he left for this country with Liebig, who was to present the substance of that work as a Report to the British Association at Glasgow in September. You may be interested to know who there were from this country in Liebig’s laboratory at that time.Besides Playfair and myself, there mere Dr. William Allen Miller, afterwards Professor of Chemistry at King’s College; Dr. Stenhouse, who has contributed so much to the Journal of this Society ; Dr. Angus Smith ;and, lastly, Dr. Edward Schunck. He and I are, I believe, the only survivors of that time among those from England who were with Liebig then. Of the Germans who were there, some of the names you will probably re-member. There were Heinrich Will, Varrentrapp, Redtenbacher, Hermann Kopp, Scherer, Bromeis, Boeckmann, and others, of various nationalities; but I believe that not one of these survives at present. Schunck joined the Society early in 1842, and he from that time to this has devoted himself to scientific investigation. He built a laboratory, and a museum devoted especially to specimens of organic bodies, in his own grounds on the other side of Manchester, where he still lives.He mas, in fact, the oldest member of the Society, I believe, except Playfair and myself. He has worked indefatigably ever since ; but I am very sorry to say he is not able to be here to-night, having had an 199 attack of bronchitis, which renders it impossible, though it would have given him great pleasure to be present. Referring to that time at Giessen, I may say that Playfair, Stenhouse, and myself, each took our degree then; and Playfair, though joining with us, having gone with Liebig, the responsibility was left with Stenhouse and myself to give the usual supper to the other students of the laboratory, and a few distinguished guests, among whom was Bunsen, who was then at Marburg; and who, I am glad to learn from Sir Henry Roscoe, is still well.Stenhouse mas much my senior. We had a large and lively party, but Stenhouse did not enjoy that sort of thing very much, and when the last bottle of champagne was opened, he said: ‘Now, Gilbert, I shall leave you to it,’ and away he went. That was, however, not near the end of the evening. They stayed a very long time, and we did not exchange the smoky atmosphere of the supper- room for the clearer air outside until early morning. We then went round the bou1ev:trds of the little town, the Germans singing students’ songs, and coming in time to the hotel where Stenhouse lodged, we serenaded him from the outside.Then someone tried the door, and finding it unfastened, the whole party went up, lighted candles, and serenaded him in bed. Next morning, there was a very capital caricature brought out, showing Stenhouse’s rather long nose pointing in one direction, and his longer nightcap in the other. But this is enough of this kind of history, and I must now turn to rather more serious matters. It was in 1843 that I became associated with Mr. (now Sir John) Lawes, in agricultural investigation-a col-laboration which has now extended over more than fifty-five years. As you all know, however rude may be some of the methods of the art of agriculture, the investigation of the principles underlying its practices involves a wide range of scientific inquiry.It involves the chemistry of the atmosphere, of the soil, of vegetation, and of animal life and growth. That is to say, besides chemistry, it involves meteorology, botany, vegetable physiology, and animal physiology, to some extent. It is impossible to be a specialist in so many subjects, particularly in these days, and I can only say that in venturing to deal with these other branches of science we have taken great care to avoid mistakes. The wide range of the investigations must be accepted as some ex- planation of the fact that we have not contributed more of the results to the Chemical Society. Many of them being connected largely with other branches of science, have been recorded in other than purely Chemical journals ; whilst those having a more directly practical bearing have been published in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, or in other agricultural publications--the Rothamsted papers now numbering considerably more than 100.But we feel that, however long or short may be the time that me shall still work together,tve shall perhaps have clone as much in opening up as in 200 solving problems; and that we shall certainly leave plenty for our successors to do. In conclusion, considering that there still remain five of your honoured guests to speak, this is all I will say of my own career, and I will only now ask you, Mr. President, the Council, and the Fellows of the Chemical Society, to believe that I esteem very highly the great honour you have conferred upon me to-night.” FRANKLANDSIREDWARD : “ Allow me to thank you, Mr.President,, and the Council of the Chemical Society for this delightful enter- tainment which you have prepared for the Past-Presidents who have attained Jubilee rank. It was a generous, unique, and happy idea, which I feel sure we all heartily appreciate, not only as we sit at your hospitable board, but also when we reflect on the kind feelings which led to the conception of that idea. There used to be a phrenological organ entitled ‘love of approbation,’ and whether there is or is not, a part of the brain told off to perform this function, I trust that chemists are not behind the rest of humanity in appreciating such an honour as you have conferred upon us on this auspicious occasion.Nothing could be more agreeable than thus meeting so many colleagues who are worthily keeping up the high reputation of the Chemical Society. There isbut onedrawback to our enjoyment, and it has been very feelingly alluded to by Sir Henry Gilbert, namely, that one who so recently stood at the head of our Past-Presidents should not still be present amongst us. In the lamented death of Lord Playfair, chemistry and science generally have sustained an immeasurable loss; for he was a binding link between science and the State, always ready to fight for the causeof truth against prejudice and ignorance, and never ceasing in his efforts to bring home to our rulers the vast importance of the applications of science to the progress, health and prosperity of the nation.As one of his first pupils, and after a life-long ,friendship, 1 may be per- mitted to testify that his energy in this cause was prompted by sincere convictions and not by political exigencies. Had Playfair lived a few months longer, we should never have had the misfortune to make the acquaintance of that new variety of Homo sapiens the ‘conscientious objector,’ who is just now giving so much trouble to our magistrates. This is not a time to sketch, even in merest out- line, the epoch-making work of the Society, but I may at least state my conviction that it will be found, on comparing the volumes of our Transactions with those of the corresponding societies of other lands, that, considering the number of workers in each case, England is not behind any other nation in research work, and this in spite of the almost total absence of that lavish State aid which nearly every other civilised nation enjoys.In view of the vast number of discoveries pouring out from chemical laboratories, I hear it suggested that the day is not far distant when there will be nothing left to discover, when all the elements in the cosmos shall have been cap- 201 tured and fitted into the Periodic System of Newlands and Mendelkeff, when there is not one more gas in the atmosphere left to be detected, and every element and group of elements shall have its ortho-, para-, and meta-position assigned to it.What will then remain to be done? Fortunately for investigators, we shall still be only as children gathering pebbles on the shore of the great ocean of knowledge. As yet we have only found the big boulders. To change the metaphor, chemistry now occupies the position of geography a century ago. The enormous number of chemical compounds are like so many islands, their latitude and longitude ascertained with precision, but on which the foot of man has not been put down, whilst their animals, plants, and minerals have never been exploited. When the ideal state of knowledge has been attained, chemists will perhaps find time to explore this vast archipelago, in which, there is no doubt, many interesting discoveries await those who shall undertake the task.Who can set a limit to the usefulness of these explorations ? Even the most unpromising compounds may turn out valuable prizes ! When aniline, chloroform, and carbolic acid were discovered, who could have predicted the revolutions in the arts and surgery which these bodies were destined to produce ! They were but as desert islands until they attracted the attention of Hof-mann, Perkin, James Simpson, and Lister. As chemists, I believe we have a noble future before us. Chemistry is distinguished from all other branches of knowledge as the helpmate of nearly every other science. The geologist, the botanist, and the physiologist find no thoroughfare unless they call in the help of the chemist. As soon as the physicist breaks into a molecule, he is trespassing on our domain.The bacteriologist has found that it is not the waggling of the tail of a pathogenic microbe that is the most important feature of its history, but that the chemical compounds which it secretes demand his closest attention. Even the astronomer has already to sit at the feet of the chemist! Thirtythree years ago, when our worthy President was but a youth, there was once a dinner party composed chiefly of chemists held at the Albion. A few are still living-among them being Sir F. Abel, Prof. Odling, and myself. In an after-dinner speech on that occasion, my friend Abel is reported to have expressed himself in blank verse as follows : (Ihope he will forgive me, at this distance of time, for appropriating his words to my own use).“ ‘Looking to right and to left, I see many faces around me, Faces so old and familiar I feel once again at the College, Testing, as in former times, for cblorine with nitrate of silver, Gazing with youthful delight at crystals just hatched in a beaker, Yearning o’er aniline drops distilling from crystal alembic. 0 ! my dear friends, one and all, we have toiled up a di5cult pathway ! Some are low down on the hill, and others are near to the summit. Let us remember the past and forget not our absent companions ; Fortune may come to us all ;but youth will return to us never !’” 202 PROFESSORODLING: u I do not know that Ican better commence the few observations I propose to make to you than by following in the wake of my predecessor, Sir Edward Frankland, and saying that it is no less a great pleasure than my bounden duty to express to you, Mr.President, and to the Council and Fellows of the Society my heartfelt thanks for the great compliment that you have paid to my colleagues and myself on this long-to-be-remembered occasion. Speaking, however, for myself personally, it is not the first time that 1 have bad evidenced to me the kindly feeling of the Chemical Society. On the occasion of my retirement from the Secretaryship in 1869, I had also the special honour done me of being entertained at a dinner by the Society; and I also received a further token of their good will in the form of a capacious loving cup of no inconsiderable value in itself, but of far greater value as a perpetual mark of the kind feeling towards me of those with whom I had been for so many years so intimately connected.Those of us whom you entertain this evening have for a long period of time, as Sir Henry Gilbert and Sir Edward Frankland have already remarked, been associated with one another in common pursuits and enjoyments; and if there is one thing more than another that enhances to me the gratification of this meeting, it is the pleasure of finding myself associated still with my old friends and colleagues, Gilbert and Frankland and Williamson and Gladstone, and my earliest friend of all, Sir Frederick Abel. We have been concerned with one another in a large number of under-takings, and for a long period of time have been accustomed to hear one another’s voices as well upon festive as upon scientific occasions.But we have not been accustomed to hear them in exactly the order they have been arranged for this evening. I have always looked upon myself, not as a precursor, but as a follower of Williamson. It has been my pride to reckon myself one of his adopted pupils-a disciple of his ideas more perhaps than many of those who were his actual pupils. He was always very decided in his notions. Sometimes, indeed, I turned a little restive, but was always soon pulled up into form again-some- times more abruptly, perhaps, than was quite agreeable at the moment. At one time I laboured under the sad suspicion of being a little unsound as to the Atomic Theory.Well, perhaps I was not altogether so stalwart in its defence as I ought to have been; but I can assure you that I was never really guilty of so reprehensible a heresy as that which was attributed to me. (6 You are doing us honour here this evening not so much, or not only, as students of the science of chemistry, but also as Past-Presidents of the Chemical Society. As ancients of that Society, we may all of us perhaps be permitted to talk a little about ourselves without in-curring the imputation of egoism, and also to talk a little about old times without incurring the reproach, after our fifty years’ fellow- ship, of senile garrulity. At the period during which I acted as one of the Secretaries of the Society, and my eolleague, Professor Red- wood, concerned himself mostly with the business department of our' affairs, the Chemical Society had not developed very far its function as a publishing agency, and as a consequence, even for that little prolific time, we did not get our fair share of important papers com- municated at first hand to our meetings.But if we did not receive elaborate communications, we enjoyed the benefit of elaborate dis-cussions; and there was no new class of compounds, no newly propounded doctrine, no new reaction which was not submitted to our keen examination and controversy. The subjects of several of those controversies, and even the fashion of them, still linger in one's memory. I need scarcely say that chemical theory came in for a large share of our attention. The molecular weights of water and carbonic acid, the atomic weights of oxygen and carbon, and, above all, the then newly introduced idea of polyatomic radicles were keenly discussed.We were a little too late for the interesting question as to whether compound radicles could possibly be oxy-genous ; but still, radicles were predominant at that time in chemical science, and reigned with undisputed sway over the whole domain of orggnic chemistry. One cannot but reflect how fleeting has been their reign. The doctrine of radicles has now sunk to an entirely subordinate position in chemistry, not unlike, may I venture to say, the subordinate position into which radical doctrines have fallen in a different sphere.There was one particular controversy I remember very well, and am sure Frankland will remember also. It was of this kind: whether the bodies called ethyl and methyl were really ethyl and methyl at all, or something else. Well, a question of that kind in those unsophisticated days had to be answered definitely by a plain aye or no. There was no loophole for escape or trimming, no possibility of saying that the one answer was just as true as the other, according to the point of view taken ;nor was there existent in that period of innocence, for the solution of yet more puzzling problems, what we know now by the name of tautomerism, by which we learn that a body is, and at the same time is not, what it ia alleged to be ; that it is sometimes one thing and sometimes another, and sometimes both together, and yet preserves its individual chemical entity.In those days the principal provider of chemical material for our meetings was far and away Hofmann. He was in the habit of sending his multitudinous papers to the Royal Society for publication ; but he gave us the advantage of his presence and his personal disquisi- tions; and I would appeal to all in this room who had the advantage of seeing him, to say if they can possibly forget his appearances at the blackboard of the Chemical Society, and the enthusiasm and lucidity of his expositions of different points of chemical constitution, enlivened as they were by that extraordinary display of vivacity so inconsistent with the quiet phlegm we are in the habit of attributing to those of his nationality.But, despite the productiveness of Hofmann, still there were evenings on which something else was required; and then it behoved the Secretary to search far and wide for material to bring before the meeting of chemists who, with Greek-like avidity, were always clamorous for ‘some new thing.’ At that period, the activity of the Giessen school was somewhat on the decline, and we looked for novelties in chemistry, as for novelties in mantles and millinery, to Paris. We had for our consideration the acidic ammonias of Gerhardt and the diatomic glycols of Wurtz, and the production of alcohol without the aid of either sugar or yeast by Berthelot, and many other remarkable contributions to the knowledge of the day.But our friends across the water, with so much-so very much-justly due to them, nevertheless did manifest now and then a tendency to appropriate to themselves what did not altogether belong to them ; and in this, the country of Black and Priestley and Cavendish and Dalton and Davy, we were astonished one fine morning at being in- formed that ‘la Chimie est une science frangaise.’ But even with the productiveness of Hofmann and the searchings of the Secretary, it did sometimes happen that our bill of fare was a little meagre. But what of that? Those were supper-eating days, and a meeting rendered brief by want of pabulum could always be supplemented by a prolonged and substantial, and, I may add, a musical, meal at a then well-known resort not far from Covent Garden; and when it happened, as it did sometimes, that our proceedings were not so exhilarating as they should have been, when divine philosophy had proved less charming than its wont, Hofmann, despite the abundant supply of tea and coffee of excel-lent quality, would, with a burst of inspiration, thrust forth his right hand and say : ‘I will tell you, we will have a punch !’ 6‘ But the Chemical Society has a future to look forward to, as well as a past to look back upon.At the Jubilee of the Society some seven or eight years ago, it devolved upon me to give an account within the short period of a quarter of an hour-I believe I occupied twenty minutes-of the progress of chemical science during the preceding fifty years.But to-day is also a Jubilee or almost so, the Jubilee of our incorporation by Royal Charter, which, in the then days of our insig- nificance, Playfair did so much to obtain for us. Now, on this diamond Jubilee, I ask you how many minutes will you give me to lay before you a forecast of the chemical progress that may be expected to take place within the next fifty years1 I will only venture to say that, 205 judging by the number and activity and intellectual gifts of the workers of the present day, we may feel assured that the achievements of English chemistry and the progress of the Chemical Society in the past, will be as a mere nothing to the brilliancy to which they will attain in the future.” SIRFREDERICK :“Sir Edward Frankland has out of hisvast stores ABEL of knowledge recalled a fact of which I confess I was ignorant, that in years past I indulged a poetic fancy, I only wish I might now be inspired in order to find words to express on behalf of myself and my old friends our appreciation of this glorious reception which you have given us, The Chemical Society is endeared to me in many ways.Among the epochs of a somewhat long career of ceaseless activity, that which connected me intimately with the work of the Society is one of those which I recall with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. And it so happens that the years of my connec-tion with the Society in various functions were years in which some of the most memorable events in its annals occurred.As Treasurer, it was my privilege to arrange with the illustrious chemist and brilliant orator, Jean Baptiste Dumas, for the delivery of the first of those memorable lectures which were given through the agency of the Chemical Society in honour of the memory of Michael Faraday. While I was Treasurer, the volume of the Journal of the Society, which was then of modest and slender dimensions, nurtured by well digested extracts from foreign journals, speedily gained proportions unwieldy in character, so unwieldy, in fact, that the one volume split up into two before long. In the first year of my Presidency, the Research Fund, which was initiated in a modest mariner by Mr. Thomas Hyde Hills, was placed upon a firm and substantial basis through the generosity of one of the most respected of the Society’s original members, Dr.Longstaff; and in the second year in which I held that office, the somewhat revolutionary agitation which was persisted in by a not unimportant sect.ion of the younger Fellows of the Society,-an agitation which, by the way, has been imitated since-led to earnest deliberation and consultation between the Council and some of its chosen members outside the Council, which resulted in the birth of an institution now flourishing exceedingly, which has become the guardian of the best interests not only of the chemical profession but also of the public. I of course allude to the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland.When I look back to the early days when I first owned the proud title of F.C.S., and remember my attendance, in a small room at the Society of Arts, at the meetings of the Chemical Society, presided over in succession by William Brande and Phillips, the business being managed by 206 George Fownes and Robert Warington, the founder of the Chemical Society, and the funds not very cleverly handled by dear old Robert Porrett, one of the most prominent forms that appears in my mind’s eye is that of the favourite pupil of Liebig, my venerated master, Hofmann. In the very first years of the Society, Hofmann became the very life and soul of it. He was beloved by his English brethren directly he came among them, and for years he was by far the most prolific contributor, either himself or through his pupils, to the volumes of the Society. Pardon me if I have been tempted into reminiscences; it is difficult to avoid it at such a gathering as this.The welcome you have given to the veteran Past-Presidents will remain in their minds to their last day as one of the great joys of their lives. To the many old friends and colleagues whom I see around me-Past-Presidents who, as men of science, hold positions second to none, whose names are familiar as household words-to them I can wish no higher gratification than that they may live to experience the satisfaction of such an entertainment, and of such a graceful appreciation of their work, as has been the lot of your old Past-Presidents to-night.” A.W. WILLIAMSONPROFESSOR : “I thank you, Mr. President, most heartilyfor the kindly words you have uttered in relation to me,and tomy efforts for the advancement of chemistry. It is an immense satisfaction to me to see a man of your talents and vast acquirements placed in so influential a position as that which you so worthily occupy. But whilst thanking you I am bound to confess that I have been for some time past a most unworthy member of the Chemical Society. It happened that after a good many years of work in our Society, I had other matters of such importance claiming my time and attention, that I was unable to continue to work amongst my colleagues and friends in the Chemical Society. 6‘ Before I came over in 1849 to work at University College, I had become acquainted in the Giessen Laboratory with that most remark- able man, August Wilhelm Hofmann, and I may mention a character-istic incident illustrating his earnest and steadfast devotion to his science.He had for a considerable time been working at derivatives of aniline, and in order,to carry on these researches as effectively as possible, he prepared by the action of caustic potash on indigo about some two gallons of aniline. The product was placed in a big bottle on the mantelpiece in his bedroom, and the story goes that he used to stand and gaze at it for some time every morning and evening, and gloating over it with delight would think, ‘what a number of splendid pro- ducts I shall make out of this aniline !’ The energy and devotion with which he followed up his work on the derivatives of aniline at 207 the expense of many other researches which he might with advantage have followed up was such that he came to be talked of as the great worker on aniline, and Sir Benjamin Brodie somewhat prematurely wrote his epitaph in the following words, ‘Hic jacet Aniline.’ His researches extended, however, at an increasing rate into other and wider departments of chemistry, and his energy and enthusiasm were such as to make him the leading explorer in the domain of organic chemistry.Berzelius had been for a lengthened period the one great man in the domain of inorganic chemistry, which was the only part of the science which had been explored to any appreciable extent.When I saw the vast piles of knowledge which Rofmann was so rapidly accumulating in the new domain of chemistry, Ifelt, and ventured to say, that his masterly labours entitled him to be called the Berzelius of Organic Chemistry. I happened to be present at a meeting of the Chemical Society at which a young chemist read a paper in the presence of Hofmann on some theoretical matters of importance which had already engaged the attention of distinguished chemists. Hofmann did not enter into any particulars of the paper, but he gave vent to an outburst of heartfelt delight at the simple narrative which had been read. There are various incentives to work, but the most potent incentive to earnest and efficient work is probably the example of a man like Hofmann, whose whole delight lay in mastering the truths of science, and in learning more and more particulars of the order of nature, and Hofrnann possessed that power in a most eminent degree.“We see in this grand hall an assemblage of chemists known by their earnest labours and valuable discoveries, and we are honoured by the presence of men of the highest distinction in other branches of science, as well as of leaders in the learned professions. It might not be unreasonable to believe that enthusiastic delight in the triumphs of chemical research is duly represented by some of the guests in this hall, and that the lively conversation which has been going on may not relate merely to high questions in jurisprudence, medicine, or legislation, but that some samples of chemical enthusiasm may reach the ears of the learned representatives of other professions.“1 feel sure that at a future time we shall all look back with tho highest pleasure upon this delightful evening, which we owe to the kindly exertions of our President and other leading members of the Society.” HALL : “DR.JOHN GLADSTONE It is a pleasant thing to look on the faces of so many friends with whom one has worked in olden times, with whose works one is well acquainted; though, of course, there are many at the present time who come into the Society, and whom I can look to as budding philosophers : unfortunately, I do not know their 208 names so well as their faces.The pleasure is not merely because we call ourselves chemists, but because there is a bond of union be- tween us arising from the desire of discovering the wonderful secrets of the great cosmos of which we ourselves form part. There is a great difficulty in speaking to you this evening, because so much that I should have liked to say has already been said by previous speakers. Still there are one or two things which, if you will permit me, I should like to bring before you. First of all, in your too flattering description of myself and of my work-which makes me rather ashamed to stand up and speak-there was a point which I think calls for remark, and so I must venture upon that which characterises the speeches of all of us, a certain amount of early auto- biography.I wasexceedinglyfond of science from a little child. My favourite science was geology, and also what could be seen in the microscope-infusoria, and other little objects we have heard of in later times. But, in choosing a profession, my father said geology was not a promising career, and recommended chemistry. I knew very little about it, but went to University College and studied under that admirable teacher, Professor Graham, and afterwards under Liebig. I suppose it was from Graham that I acquired the taste for the physical side of chemistry and its connection with heat, light, elec- tricity, and other forces of nature. I looked out for a scient'ific position, and lectured at St.Thomas's Hospital for some time, made analyses, and considered myself a professional chemist. It may be that circumstances have caused me to sink into the position of an amateur chemist, but my first intention was that of following chemistry as my profession in life. It has not been necessary to continue that; and I have had thisadvantage, that I could always keep in my laboratory a good, trained assistant, and thus, whilst I was engaged in other works and ways, and in endeavouring to extend the knowledge of chemistry and elementary science in our primary schools, the work still went on more or less under my immediate direction. I should like to have said something about the progress of chemistry during these past fifty years; but the subject is so enormous, and you yourself have touched upon it to such an extent and so well, that I need only allude to the fact that this great change of volume of chemistry has caused it to be necessary that we should specialise.Specialisation has its advantages, but also its disadvantages. One danger is that we may become narrowed in our views. So it would appear to be best to have a home somewhere or other, but to make occasional excursions in the neighbourhood, and take summer holidays so as to get our nerves braced up to work again at our own pet subjects. I must not touch upon other points, such as the relations of the physical forces to 209 chemistry, or its useful applications, and the great value of chemical research for the welfare of mankind.These are subjects too large and important to enter upon at this late hour. It seems to me that while we are always increasing the mass of knowledge we possess, the space which we see to be bright becomes larger and larger, but there is beyond a dim nebulosity. It is our work to bring from that nebulosity something into the bright space, so that it becomes the property of the human race. But there is beyond this a region which we do not understand-infinite as far as we know-and our object is to increase that which is knowable, in the firm belief that it will be for the advantage of our fellow creatures. While I feel thankful for the joy that I have had in taking some part in these discoveries, I cannot look to have much more time given me for carrying on this work of investigation; but still there may be a few threads of old research I may gather up, and in doing so I shall be greatly encouraged by the kind remarks of this evening and the way in which our work has been received by the friends gathered around us.’’ ‘‘ THE FOREIGNMEMBERS,” CROOKES:SIR WILLIAM “If it is possible for an after-dinner speaker to associate the word pleasure with the duty he has to perform, then I may lay claim to a slight feeling of that kind; for we are here assembled to do honour to our Past-Presidents, who are, as it were, now celebrating their jubilee in the Chemical Society.But it so happens that I also have a little jubilee of my own at this time, for exactly 50 years ago I made my first step in science by entering the Royal College of Chemistry.I remember as if it were yesterday, on a dull November morning, being introduced to Hofmann, who forthwith installed me at a bench, and asked Spiller, who was a few weeks my senior in science, to put me through the gases, preliminary to a course of the ‘Giessen Outlines.’ These were the days of compound ammonias, and heating in sealed glass tubes under pressure; having a certain facility at the blowpipe, I used to seal up some of these tubes ;many of them, I fear, burst, for I well remember Hofmann’s quaint remark, while watching one of them with anxious eyes, ‘I think, Mr. Crookes, it will now gradually com-mence to explode violently.’ ‘‘One of the great troubles of a long life is to see the friends of early days drop off one by one.Of those in the College when I entered, I know only of Abel, Buckton, Dent, Spiller, and one or two others. It is a special pleasure for me to be here to-night and join in doing honour to one of these-my oldest scientific friend-Sir Frederick Abel. But in these reminiscences I must not forget my duty. I am 210 asked to propose the health of the Foreign Members of the Society. There is a little topsyturveydom about this arrangement. I am saddled with a burden to which I have only a doubtful right. Such a toast can only be proposed by a Fellow, but when, some time ago, 1 approached your senior Secretary in that capacity, he refused to regard me in this light, and said I could only dine among you as a visitor.“But the occasion is so special ,that, as a visitor, outsider, or Fellow, it must always be a great pleasure to propose the toast of the Foreign Members. We have a large roll of Foreign Mem-bers on our list. They are very eminent men; and, as proof, I need only mention that on this special occasion they are SO busy with scientific work that few are able to come to join US to-night. But we have amongst us one of the most eminent of Continental chemists--Professor Ostwald-whose name is a house-hold word to us all, and I will ask him to take the burden of re- plying to this toast.” Professor OSTWALD: ‘(The task laid upon my shoulders is so heavy that I cannot bear it in a foreign language.I must ask you, therefore, to allow me to answer in my own. Als ich die ehrenvolle Einladung fur den heutigen Tag erhielt, war ich sofort bereit zu kommen. Nicht weil ich eine grosse Zahl guter Freunde und werthvoller Dinge in London sehen konnte; ich kam um eine grossere Sache. Ich kam, um Zeugniss abzulegen VOU der Gemeinschaft der wissenschaft- lichen Manner aller Nationen. Das Fest, welches Sie feiern, hat seinen Anklang in der ganzen Welt gefunden ; die wissenschaftliche Internationalitat bringt es mit sich, dass des heutigen Tages uberall gedacht wird, wo Chemiker sind. “MeineHerren !Die Wissenschaft ist ein Land, welches die Eigenschaft hat, urn so mehr Menschen beherbergen zu kijnnen, je mehr Bewohner sich darin sammeln ;sie ist ein Schatz, der um so grosser wird, je mehr man ihn theilt.Darum kann jeder von uns in seiner Art seine Arbeit thun, und die Gemeinsamkeit bedeutet nicht Gleichf ormigkeit. Wir werden immer an unseren franzasischen Arbeitsgenossen die Elarheit ihrer Darstellung und die Strenge ihrer logischen Entwick- elung bewundern. Die Originalitat der Gedanken und die unwider- stehliche Energie ihrer Durchfuhrung wird stets die englische Forschung nuszeichnen, und wenn wir Deutsche ‘durch die Welt mit allen Sinnen schweifen,’ um fur unsere Arbeit eine moglichst breite Unter- lage und einen moglichst weiten Horizont zu gewinnen, so thun wir darin auch nur, was unserer Natur entspricht. ‘‘ Hierzu mochte ich aus unserer Wissenschaft ein Beispiel ent- wickeln.Es ist ein wichtiges Resultat der heutigen Forschung, dass es nicht moglich ist, einen absolut reinen Stoff herzustellen. So rein er auch wird : die letzten Spuren seiner Mutterlauge konnen 211 nicht entfernt werden, und er tragt immer ein Zeugniss seiner letzten Geschichte mit sich. ‘I Nun, meine Herren, in der Clhemie des Geistes gilt ein ahnliches Gesetz. Auch der klarste Gedanke, die durchgearbeitetste Theorie tragt Spuren der Umgebung mit sich, ails der sie entstanden ist. Wenn nun der Fremde den neuen Gedanken zum ersten Male zu Gesicht bekommt, ulnd er gefallt ihm nicht, so wird er sich zunachst nicht bewusst sein, ob der abstassende Eindruck von dem Gedanken selbst, oder von der anhangenden Mutterlauge herruhrt, und es kann kommen, dass er ihn verwirft, nicht wegen seiner eigenen Beschaff enheit, sondern wegen zufalliger Beimengungen.Wenn ihm aber jenes Gesetx der geistigen Muttedauge bekannt ist, so wird er sorgfaltiger priifen, und manches Vorurtheil, welches die gemein- same Arbeit der Nationen stort, wird fallen. ‘‘ Fur diese Gemeinsamkeit bietet gerade der heutige Abend einen ausgezeichneten Beleg. Als ich die Geschichte meines besonderen Gebietes, der Verwandtschaftslehre studirte, fand ich aus sehr friiher Zeit eine Reihe hochwichtiger Arbeiten, durch welche eine Anzahl fundamentaler Thatsachen festgestellt wurden. Die Arbeiten trugen den Namen des Dr. Gladstone, Ich habe vergeblich darauf gewartet, dass heute Abend diese Arbeiten erwahnt wiirden.Es ist nicht geschehen, und ich glaube, Dr. Gladstone hat selbst vergessen, dass er sie gemacht hat. Aber wenn er sie auch selbst vergessen hat, die Wissenschaft wird sie nie vergsssen. Und wenn jetzt, nach soviel Jahren, die Wissenschaft in Schweden, Holland, and Deutsch- land den Faden dort weitergesponnen hat, wo Dr. Gladstone in England ihn aus der Hand gelegt hat, so haben Sie ein schlagendes Beispiel vor siah, wieweit uber Raum und Zeit die wissenschaftliche Gemeinsamkeit aller Forscher reicht.” “THE LEARNEDSOCIETIES.” LOBDREAY: “Ihave seldom had the honour of proposing a toast to so distinguished an assembly, and at the same time a toast which, whether it was proposed at St. Petersburg, at Berlin, in Paris, in Vienna, or in Rome, coupled with the names with which it is coupled to-night, would attract the same applause.Lord Lister has conferred on the House of Lords, in entering it, an addit,ional dignity. If we are asked-and we are occasionally asked-why there is a House of Lords, I do not know that we can give any better answer than by saying that the House of Lords is the proper place for receiving the princes of science. And, gentlemen, among the characteristics of the House of Lords there is one to which I shall allude; one which I con-sider a very important characteristic. If I ask what are the character- istics of the House of Commons-what are the characteristics of those 212 who wish to enter the House of Commons,-then I am told that the catechism to which one has to answer is : ‘Are you sound on Labour 1 ’ Now Ism not quite sure that I fully grasp what is meant by soundness on Labour.But the problem may be solved when the House of Commons approaches a task which I know would tax the efforts of all the learned societies in London to deal with-the question of old age pensions. What is the catechism of the House of Lords? I think the question would be : ‘Are you sound on Science ? ’ I believe the House of Lords is sound on science, and in the contests of the future between prejudice and the laws of science, I think you will find, as you have found in the recent debate on vaccination, that the House of Lords will be on the side of Science, and not ou the side of prejudice. And if the House of Lords is to remain sound on Science, then it will be due to having in it, midst men like my noble friend, Lord Lister, to keep it straight whenever it may show any inclination to diverge from the dictates of Science.There is hardly any subject at present in any department of the public service in which the question of science does not play a prominent part. And I do not believe that there is any department of the public service which does not occasionally seek the aid of a learned society on one or other of the scientific problems it has to solve. My late distinguished friend, M. Lkon Say, used to predict of the twentieth century that Cabinets would be formed on the basis of sanitation. If so, we may still hope to see my noble friend, Lord Lister, at the head of the Home Office.“With this toast is also coupled the name of my friend Professor Michael Foster. Mr. President and gentlemen, it is to me personally a great pleasure to couple with this toast that name, because the future of scientific education in London is committed to the care of Professor Michael Foster, The Statutory Commission, I hope, will set at rest that interminable controversy about the reconstitution of the Univer- sity of London, and to Professor Michael Foster will fall the duty of settling the future of Science in that institution, which will influence the future of Science in our great empire. Let me conclude with an observation, which is the result of what fell from the eloquent lips of the gentleman who last addressed us.He has spoken of ‘die wissen- schaftliche Internationalitat.’ I heard those words with great pleasure. Whatever causes of discord may disturb international relations, it will be among the great features of the work of the Learned Societies that they will always entertain cordial relations with the learned men in all foreign countries. And, Mr. President and gentle-men, whatever may happen on the banks of the Nile, of this I am sure, that the cordial relations which have existed between my dis- tinguished friend, Professor Ramsay, on the banks of the Thames and Monsieur Berthelot on the banks of the Seine, will remain the same 213 and tend to knit together that which ought never to be separated if the progress of civilisation is not to be interrupted.I give you the toast of ‘ The Learned Societies,’ coupled with the names of Lord Lister and Professor Michael Foster.” LORDLISTER: “Scientific men are not by any means always learned. Their devotion to their special studies often prevents such an occurrence. Nevertheless, I take it that in this toast the Learned Societies are under- stood to mean the scientific societies, and chiefly those of this metropolis. On this understanding, it seems to me very natural that the person who is asked to respond to this toast should be a representative of the Royal Society, because that Society is the mother of all the scientific societies in London; and while, if I may be allowed to say so, she is herself vigorous and active, she bakes a deep maternal interest in the welfare of her off spring.Of her numerous progony, none, I conceive, discharges her functions more healthily and eaciently than she who is this evening honouring some of her most illustrious and venerable sons. Among these it has been my joy to see my old teacher, the venerated and beloved Professor Williamson. The Royal Society, I believe, does good to her daughters, stimulating them to work, and encouraging fruitful intercourse among them : witness, for example, the discovery of argon by the co-operation of Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay. Mr. President, I received from one of your Secretaries an intimation that brevity would be the most valuable quality in any remarks I might make this evening.I gladly act on that suggestion, and will only now tender to you and your Council, on behalf of the representatives of scientific societies, other than the Chemical Society, present here this evening, our warmest thanks for the privilege you have given us of taking part in this memorable celebration. I would also thank Lord Reay for the exceedingly kind terms in which he has proposed the toast, and this illustrious company for the cordial manner in which they have received it.” PROFESSOR : ‘‘I feel deeply grateful for the very kind MICHAEL FOSTER words in which Lord Reay has referred to me and my possible future services, in which I trust he may not be disappointed, and for the kind way in which you have received the toast.I perceive the delicate compliment to my physiological acquirements in the inference that, although a President as yet unborn, Ican speak. I did not know, in accepting office, that the sweets of office would come thus before their time. I trust that they will be taken off, so to speak, at the other end of the bill. But remembering that all premature utterances, whether vocal or other, are feeble, the more feeble, the more premature they are -and it seems to me that, as President of the British Association, I was conceived the other day-though I would have wished had not this premature deliverance been coupled with great lateness of the hour, 214 to have turned from an uncertain and dim future to a rich and full past, and to have said something of my experience of these six great men, all of whom Ican call my friends, and one of whom-Williamson- taught me not only chemistry but science, I will content myself in say- ing this, that though I do not know what may be before me as President of the British Association-do not know what lions, true lions, false lions, there may be in my path,-I will do my best to make my tenure of office worthy, not only of the Association, but of Science.And may I also give utterance to this wish, in continuance of that international science of which my brother Ostwald spoke, that when the British Association meets at Dover, and the French Association meets at Boulogne, we shall feel that Fashoda is past over, and that we shall not be using the resources of science to make each other as small as we can, but that each will be using the strength of the other to advance the resources of a common knowledge.” ‘‘THE GUESTS.” THE TREASURER: “I have the honour to propose to you, Fellows of the Chemical Society, that you should drink to the health of your guests.We are favoured here to-night with the presence of a large and distinguished body of gentlemen; how large, and how distinguished, you yourselves may know by a mere glance at the list of their names which is already furnished to you. We are deeply grateful to these gentlemen for the way in which they have responded to the invitation of the Society to be present here to-night to do honour to the gentlemen who are our special guests, Large as the number is, we could well have wished that it was still larger ; for our hospitality and our welcome have their physical limits only in the capacity of this room.We could well have wished, for example, that a greater number of our Foreign Fellows were here present. You have heard from the President many messages of congratulation and of goodwill from certain scientific organisations abroad, and from individual Fellows of our Society. But these messages by no means account for all the kind words, for all the utterances of friendship and felicitation, which have been made in reference to this occasion. I have recently passed through many Continental capitals, and have visited incidentally a number of academic centres, and I have had the pleasure of meeting a considerable proportion of those gentlemen whom we are proud to number amongst our Foreign members.Thus, I have met Franchimont at Leiden, Cleve at Upsala, Waage at Christiania, Pettersson and Arrhenius ab Stockholm, Emil Fischer, Landolt, and van’t Hoff at Berlin, Liebermann and Witt at Charlot-tenburg, Ladenburg at Breslau, our active collaborateur Brauner at Prague, our old friend Debus in Cassel, and last, but not least, the 215 doyen of the illustrious body, my venerated teacher Bunsen, at Heidelberg. A.nd, gentlemen, I am charged by each and all to convey to you, should I have the opportunity, their heartfelt congratulations on this occasion, and their great regret that circumstances should have prevented them from being here to testify by their presence their appreciation of the great services which these gentlemen whom we especially delight to honour to-night, have rendered to Science, and to the Society of which we are so thankful to see them still members, I should like to say an additional word or two about Bunsen. His Excellency has learned to grow old gracefully.He bears the weight of his eighty-eight years admirably, His deafness, it is true, has somewhat increased, and he complained with a touch of pathos which, under the circumstances, has just a suspicion of the element of comedy, that he begins to find that his eyesight is not so good as it used to be.’ It was for this reason that he asked to be excused from conveying in writing the message which he wished me verbally to transmit to you.I am asked to associate with this toast the name of Mr. Haldane and that of Dr. Bottinger. Mr. Haldane is known to all here for the admirable part he has taken in furthering a cause which many of us have very near at heart-that is, the advancement to its legitimate position of our Metropolitan University. Dr. Bottinger is known to many here as a leading member of a firm whose name is as a household word in the mouths of those who speak of the material and industrial triumphs of our science. Gentlemen, without further word, I give you the health of ‘Our Guests,’ and I associate with that toast the names of Mr. Haldane, Q.C., M.P., and Dr. Bottinger.” MR.HALDANE: ‘‘I confess I feel a little shy in uttering the few sen- tences which I have to address to you.Previous speakers have come before you with a wealth of distinctions and a profusion of academic tone which it is impossible for me to imitate. Lord Reay, who represents a different branch of the Legislature, has put me to shame, by telling me, that the House of Lords is ‘sound on science.’ Well, I am glad hear it, and I wish I could say as much for the House of Commons. I cannot speak to you as a man of science, nor as a representative of any department of abstract knowledge; I can only speak to you as a humble,-that most humble of all functionaries,-unofficial member of an Opposition, or what I fear some of you will consider, a battered and shattered fragment of a still more battered and shattered Party.I do not admit, needless to say, the impeachment. I do no$ regard myself in the least as an atom which has got outside its proper molecule. There is plenty of potential energy in my political combinations. When I was at the University of Gottingen, there was a song we used to sing, which ran “Die Philister sind uns gewogen meist.” Even 216 members of the House of Commons acknowledge the deep debt they are under to-day to science, and perhaps most especially to chemical science. Gentlemen, there was a great victory won the other day in the Soudan. That victory was due to the forethought and skill of a very distinguished soldier: but also to another force, That victory, which pronounced once for all, and finally, the supremacy of mind and trained skill over the most powerful of savage combina- tions ;that victory was won, not merely on the fields before Omdurman, but in the laboratory and the workshop.The smokeless powders, the modern rifling, the bullet of most recent construction, all these are your work. But the obligations which you have rendered us in the past are as nothing to the obligations to which some of us look forward to you in the future, We have spent money lavishly, without a word of comp1aint;from the taxpayer, on the support of the Army and the Navy ; but we have not yet spent the money which I believe we ought to spend, and shall be forced to spend, upon the defence of our industries. The country from which Professor Ostwald comes can teach us a lesson. In Germany, where 70 per cent.of the upkeep of the univers- ities comes from the Government, they have taught u8 how to put mind into our work. There are men who would gladly convert the British public to it, but their work is yet to be done. We shall realise these things, when the House of Commons will vie with the House of Lords in giving predominance to the great task of diffusing scientific knowledge among our commercial men as among our soldiers. It is with that sentiment in my mind, with that feeling of obligation to these pioneers of the work of the members of this Society, that I gratefully thank you for the toast which has been proposed.” Dr. BOTTINGERAllow me also to thank you most heartily and sin- : ‘‘ cerely for the great honour you have conferred upon your guests by your kind invitation, and by putting them in a position to take part in this beautiful festival on the celebration of six Masters of English Science.Gentlemen, I may also thank you, most especially in my own name, for the great honour you have conferred upon me in mentioning my name specially among the toasts of the evening. I .shall not forget this evening ; it will always be in my mind a pleasant recollection of what Professor Ostwald said of you. In science we know no bounds and no boundaries internationally, for we are one great common nation, Your esteemed President, Professor Dewar, cordially re-marked on the character of the messages you have received this evening from all parts of the scientific world. Allow me to add to these, and assure you that not only from the scientific world, but elsewhere these feelings are shared with the same heartiness with respect to the great work these gentlemen have done for the develop- ment of science and for the benefit of the human race.It is for me 217 a particular pleasure to see by the list of your numerous members and guests that you also acknowledge that science and industry and technique must go hand in hand; that we who reap the technical part must rely upon the men of science for new ideas and advancement of our work. But I believe and am convinced that the men of science in their connection with us also find new initiative for the furtherance of their ideas ; they also find that in connection with the industrial and technical world they see what is further necessary for the develop ment of their work.I am sure that the names of these six illustrious scientific men will be mark-stones in the world for the future, they will be stepping-stonesfor the new generations. Before I end, allow me todeviate from your English custom, and introduce a custom with us in Germany, a custom which is always followed with great enthusiasm, and to propose now the health of one whom particularly me have to thank for this beautiful evening : it is the health of a man who is a pioneer in science also, and has a great name. I need only remind you of liquefied air.I speak of Professor Dewar, and I ask you to join with me in R hearty three cheers for him. So take your glasses arid join with me in our German fashion with Hoch ! Hoch ! Hoch !” THEPRESIDENT: “My Lords and Gentlemen,-I must protest against the intrusion of an additional toast. We have had a most delightful evening ;we have achieved our great aim ;and I think that the present President is such a nonentity in comparison with the men we are here to honour, that the less said about him the better.” Letters, telegrams, and messages of congratulation were received from the following Foreign Members :-Professors Arrhenius, Stock- holm ;von Baeyer, Munich ; Beilstein, St. Petersburg ;Berthelot, Paris; Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paris ;Bunsen, Heidelburg ;Cannizzaro, Rome ; Cleve, Upsala ; Curtius, Bonn ;Erlenmeyer, Aschaffenburg ; Fischer, Berlin ; Fittig, Strassburg ; Franchimont, Leiden ;Friedel, Paris ;Wolcott Gibbs, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Graebe, Geneva ; van’t Hoff, Berlin ; Korner, Milan ;Ladenburg, Breslau ; Landolt, Berlin; Liebermann, Berlin ;Lieben, Vienna ;Markownikoff, Moscow ; Mendeldeff, St.Petersburg ;Menschutkin, St. Petersburg ; Moissan, Paris ; Nilson, Stockholm ; Pettersson, Stockholm ; Rnmmelsberg, Berlin ; Raoult, Grenoble ; Remsen, Baltimore ; Schlcesing, Paris ; Spring, Liege ; Thomsen, Copenhagen ; Troost, Paris ; Waage, Christiania ;van der Waals, Amsterdam ; Wislicenus, Leipzig ; Witt, Charlottenburg, and from a number of distinguished Fellows and friends of the Society.A special vote of congratulation was passed by the Russian Chemical Society, and transmitted by Professor Mendeleeff. “At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society held this day, it was resolved, that the Society avail itself of the exceptional oppor- 218 tunity of being able to congratulate conjointly Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, Sir Edward Frankland, Professor Odling, Sir F. A. Abel, Dr. A. W. Williamson, and Dr. J. H. Gladstone, whose distinguished ser- vices during half a century stand out as a model for all investigators in Chemical Science, and also express the wish to see the further results of their labours in the annals of Science for many years to come. Hon. President, D. MENDEL~EFF. Secretary, A.GORBOFF. St. Petersburg, *1898.”1June The following telegram was received from the German Chemical Society. ‘(The sister Society sends both Jubilee congratulations and greetings to the Jubilee celebration of the Presidents of the Chemical Society, Gilbert, Frankland, Odling, Abel, Williamson, and Glad-stone. The German Chemical Society, C. LIEBERIKANN,President.” November 17th, 1898. Professor Dewar, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. William Harcourt Branscombe, Verona, Eastbourne ;Harry Estcourt Estcourt, Hayesleigh, Old Trafford, Manchester ;George Cecil Fry, 1 Edinburgh Terrace, Newbury, Berks ; John Golding, 1 Balmoral Road, Notting- ham ;Henry Winstone Harper, M.D., Austin, Texas, U.S.A.; James Hembrough, 159 Hotwell Road, Clifton, Bristol ; Alfred Lucas, Maison Hussein Pasha, Cairo, Egypt ; Samuel Montagu Martin, Westwood, Princetown Road, Bangor, co.Down ; James Henry Pizey, 9 Lady Somerset Road, Highgate Road, N.W.; Robert Coleman Price, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A.; Frederick Soddy, Merton College, Oxford ;Louis Heathcote Walter, 83 Holland Park Avenue, W. ;William Arthur Williams, 75 High Street, Wapping, E. The following Candidates are recommended by the Council under Bye-law I (3) :-Charles Robert Carroll, Hyderabad, Deccan, India ; William Lash Miller, B.A., Ph.D., The University of Toronto ; Frederick Louis Wilder, Villa Nova de Lima, Minas Geraes, Brazil. The following papers were read.133. ‘cDeterminationof the sonstitution of fatty acids. Part I.” By Arthur W. Crossley and Henry R.Le Sueur. The paper gives a detailed account of experiments undertaken with the idea of devising a method for the determination of the constitu- 219 tion of fatty acids. An acid, CH,X* CH,* CO,H, is first converted into fhe ethylic salt of the monobromo-derivative, CH,X* CHBr. CO,Et, which is then treated with quinoline or diethylaniline, whereby the ele- ments of hydrogen bromide are removed, and the ethylic salt of an unsaturated acid of the acrylic series, CHX:CH* CO,Et, is pro-duced. The acid obtained by hydrolysing this salt is oxidised with potassium permanganate, giving rise to the corresponding dihydroxy- acid, CHXOH*CHOH*CO,H, which is then oxidised with chromic acid, with the production of the acids X*C0,H and CO,H* C0,H.A fatty acid (or ketone) containing 2 carbon atoms less than the original acid has thus to be identified, and as the number of isomerides decreases greatly with loss of two carbon atoms, the possibility of identification is much enhanced. The method has been carried out with valeric, isovaleric, and iso- butylacetic acids with good results, the products identified being pro- pionic acid, acetone, and isobutyric acid respectively. The authors propose to continue the investigation with higher fatty acids, such as ethylisopropylacetic and stearic acids, and with a dibasic acid, such as pimelic (isopropylsuccinic) acid. 134, ‘(The crystalline form of iodoform.” By William Jackson Pope.Considerable difficulty is experienced in obtaining iodoform in well developed crystals from solutions in the ordinary organic solvents, but it separates from acetone in magnificent six-sided tablets belonging to the hexagonal system. The crystals exhibit the forms c(lll), r(100, 22’23, p(T10), and rn(ZTi), and have the axial angle a= 93O 41’ ;the double refraction is negative in sign and strong. 135. “ The characterisation of racemic compounds.” By Frederic Stanley Kipping and William Jackson Pope, Having previously shown that crystallographic data afford a sure basis for the characterisation of racemic compounds, the authors now give the results of their examination of a method suggested and made use of by Ladenburg for this particular purpose, Ladenburg stated (Ber., 1894, 27, 3065) that if, on fractionally crystallising a,mixture of an externally compensated substance with excess of one of the active constituents, the various fractions differ in specific rotation, the existence of a racemic compound is established ; if, on the other hand, the various fractions have the same specific rotation, then the existence of a racemic compound is disproved. 220 The authors point out that the argument upon which Ladenburg’s method is based is fallacious, and, further, on examining experimentally several cases of mixtures of an externally compensated substance with an excess of one of the optically active isomerides, they find that the method is valueless.Mixtures of t,he non-racemic inactive sodium ammonium tartrate with the isomeric dextrotartrate, and of the racemic inactive sodium potassium tartrate with the corresponding dextrotartrate, were fraction- allycrystallised, and it mas found that in each case the excess of dextrorotatory salt separated out first, most of the externally com- pensated substances remaining in the mother liquors. 136. ‘‘The occurrence of orthohydroxyacetophenone in Chione glabra.” By Wyndham R. Dunstan and T. A. Henry. The wood of Chione gZabq*a, a large flowering tree indigenous to Grenada, has a strong aromatic, somewhat fecal, odour. This is due to a volatile oil which the authors find is chiefly composed of ortho-hydroxyacetophcnone, C,H,Ac*OH.The oil also contains a minute amount of what appears bo be the crystalline methyl ether of this substance, C,H,Ac*OMe. The properties of orthohydroxyacetophenone, prepared in the labora- tory from orthonitrocinnamic acid as a starting point, agree precisely with those of the volatile oil of Chione gkabra. DISCUSSION. In reply to Dr. Harden, Yrofessor DUNSTANsaid that he thought the degradation of vegetable proteid a possible mode of origin of indole derivatives, though some botanists were of opinion that it was more probable that they resulted from simpler synthetic processes. 137. “Preparation of hyponitrite from nitrite through oxyamido- sulphonate.” By E. Divers and T. Haga. The authors have already published, disconnectedly, the facts (I) that sodium nitrite can be very completely and easily changed into oximidosulphonate by dissolving it with the calculated quantity of sodium csrbonate and passing sulphur dioxide into the solution ; (2) that sodium oximidosulphonate can be hydrolysed very exactly into oxyamidosulphonate ; and (3) that sodium oxyamidosulphonate can be largely decomposed into hyponitrite and sulphite by dissolving much potassium hydroxide in its concentrated solution. Details are now given by which, taking advantage of these facts, sodium nitrite can be converted into 60 per cent.of its equivalent of silver hypo- nitrite. The essential points are to keep the temperature at 0’ during the sulphonation of the nitrite; to allow the oximidosulphonate to hydrolyse, in the absence of sulphite, at or near the common tempera- ture, during about 24 hours, so as to produce only oxyamidosulphonate and acid sulphate; to neutralise the solution by alkali carbonate, then disfiolve in it sufficient potassium hydroxide to make the solution one of about equal weights of the hydroxide and water (having taken care from the first to use as little water as possible), and allow the whole to stand during 30 hours ;to fractionally precipitate the hyponitrite by silver sulphate (or nitrate) from the greatly diluted alkaline solu- tion, leaving the sulphite and the alkali in solution; to separate the silver hyponitrite from the metallic silver, &c., which accompanies it, by dissolving it in very cold dilute sulphuric acid, then filtering, and finally neutralising the sulphuric acid by sodium carbonate with the greatest expedition.Some oxyamidosulphonate always escapes de- composition by the potassium hydroxide ;of that decomposed, about SO per cent. becomes hyponitrite, and the rest nitrous oxide and alkali, besides, of course, sodium sulphite in either case. 138. “Absorption of nitric oxide in gas analysis.” By E. Divers. A concentrated alkaline solution of sodium or potassium sulphite absorbs nitric oxide completely and quickly, forming with it alkali (hypo)nitrososnlphate, and can be used in gas analysis with satis-factory rcsu1 ts. 139. Interaction of nitric oxide with silver nitrate.” By E. Divers.b6 Silver nitrate decomposes freely in a current of nitric oxide at much lower temperatures than when heated in air or carbon dioxide.The products, apart from oxygen, are the same, namely, nitric peroxide, silver, and silver nitrite, except that the silver nitrite is, for a time, an abundant product in presence of nitric oxide, whereas in itsabsence, when the temperature of decomposition is much higher, only a little of the nitrite is ever found, because it passes probably into nitric peroxide and silver nearly as fast as it is produced. Either nitric oxide acts directly upon the silver nitrate, or, what is more probable, the imperceptible decomposition of silver nitrate alone, at teaperatures of 220-250°, into oxygen and nitrite becomes rapid and marked in presence of nitric oxide, in consequence of the latter taking up oxygen as fast as it is formed by the decomposing nitrate. Nitric oxide has no effect on heated sodium, potassium, barium, and lead nitrates.140. (‘Preparation of pure alkali nitrites.” By E. Divers. Alkali nitrites are easily obtained pure and in concentrated solution by passing nitrous gases containing slight excess of nitric oxide into concentrated solutions of pure potassium or sodium hydroxide or carbonate, out of contact with air. With ordinary care, no nitrate is formed ;it is a current mistake to suppose that it is. Both nitrites are slightly yellow, and their concentrated solutions markedly yellow. The sodium salt melts at 213’; at 15”, 6 parts of water dissolve 5 parts of it.Its crystals are often very large, but very thin, flattened prisms, moderately deliquescent. Sodium nitrite can be readily purified by recrystallisation ; potassium nitrite cannot. Potassium nitrite occurs only in minute, short prisms, and is soluble in one-third of its weight of water. It is exceedingly deliquescent, but its crystals are actually anhydrous, although Lang and Hampe independently found them to contain $H,O. DISCUSSION. Mr. GROVESremarked that sodium nit,rite is manufactured on a large scale for use in the colour industry, and is sent into the market nearly pure, containing some 9s per cent. of the salt, but as far as his experience went neither the salt nor the solution is yellow. He had found that when arsenious anhydride is heated at 70° with nitric acid of sp.gr. 1.3, nearly pure nitrous anhydride, mixed only with a little nitric oxide, is evolved, and that a dilute solution of nitrous acid could readily be prepared by passing this vapour into water at Oo containing some crushed ice. 6‘141, The reduction of an alkali nitrite by an alkali metal.” ByE. Divers. Nitrous oxide, nitrogen, hydroxylamine, ammonia, sodium hypo- nitrite, and sodium hydroxide are invariably products of the reduction of sodium nitrite by sodium amalgam, but the process can be modified so that each of them in turn shall be formed in any desired quantity between a very small amount and a certain maximum. The principal points needing attention are the degree of concentration of the solution and the temperature at which the reduction takes place.The quantity of hyponitrite will be equivalent to more than one- sixth of the nitrite when the solution is concentrated and is not 223 allowed to grow too hot ; by large dilution, alone or aided by heat, it can be made indefinitely small. That of hydroxylamine may be made to be anything between one-eleventh and one three-hundredth of the equivalent of the nitrite, sufficient dilution and cooling being the conditions for a high yield of hydroxylamine. Ammonia being merely reduced hydroxylamine, its yield depends on that of hydroxylamine and reduction of this by the further action of the amalgam. The temperature at which the reduction is allowed to proceed determines how much of the gaseous products shall be nitrous oxide and how much nitrogen, high temperature causing the production of nitrogen. The two gases together are always nearly equivalent to a little more than four-fifths of the nitrite.Sodium amalgam is entirely without action upon sodium hyponitrite. It has always very little action, if any, upon nitrous oxide at the common temperature, Sodium hyponitrite in Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is very stable and may be heated at 100’ without effervescing. During the reduction of the nitrite, the gases produced may be seen to come exclusively from the surface of the solution touching the amalgam. As already indicated, the production of nitrous oxide and of nitrogen is at the expense one of the other, not at that of the hyponitrite or hydroxylamine. Similarly, the hypo- nitrite and hydroxylamine increase each at the expense of the other.Yet it does not seem that the nitrogen is produced by reduction of the nitrous oxide, and certainly the hydroxylamine is not a reduction product of the hyponitrite. It also does not seem that the nitrous oxide comes from the decomposition of the sodium hyponitrite to any important extent. Sodium nitrite, reduced by sodium amalgam, passes, it would seem, first into the unknown transition products, NaNO and NaON, to the extent of four-fifths into the former and one-fifth into the latter. From the latter, or sodioximide radicle, the hyponitrite will be formed by condensation when the alkali solution is concen-trated, and the hydroxylamine by reduction when the alkaline solution is dilute.From the former, or sodium nitroside radicle, the nitrous oxide will be produced by condensation and hydrolysis at low tempera-tures, or the nitrogen by reduction, condensation, and hydrolysis, at high temperatures. The reduction of potassium nitrite by potassium amalgam proceeds closely on the same lines as that of sodium nitrite by sodium amalgam. 142. ‘‘ Hyponitrites ; their preparation by sodium or potassium, and properties.” By E. Divers. Sodium nitrite reduced in concentrated solution by sodium amalgam, yields a third of its weight of silver hyponitrite, and nearly the 224 equivalent amount of several other hyponitrites, without the need of this salt as an intermediary.In this respect, the process has an advantage over the oxyamidosulphonate method. The hydroxylamine, which always accompanies the sodium hyponitrite, is easily got rid of by the continiied action of the sodium amalgam, which is without action on the hyponitrite itself. The resulting ammonia is removed by exposure of the solution over sulphuric acid for a night under re-duced pressure. Mercuric oxide, employed by all other chemists to remove hydroxylamine, has the fault of regenerating nitrite. The concentrated solution of sodium hyponitrite and hydroxide, thus ob-tained, is remarkably stable. In the preparation from it of other salts t,han the sodium salt itself and the silver salt, the sodium hydroxide has first to be neutralised, after diluting the solution with ice and water, mercurous nitrate being employed as an indicator with portions of the solution. Sodium hyponitrite is prepared from the most concentrated alkaline solution, obtained as above, by precipitation with absolute alcohol, or (Jackson) by evaporation in a vacuum and washing the salt with alcohol.It forms minute, crystalline granules, (NaON), +5H,O, which effloresce and evolve nitrous oxide in the air, but in a vacuum desiccator are converted into an anhydrous non-coherent powder, stable in dry air. The anhydrous salt bears a somewhat high temperature in dry air without decomposition, then fuses and effervesces, forming sodium oxide, sodium nitrite, and nitrogen.According to Prof. Ikeda, sodium hyponitrite gives numbers for its molecular magnitude approximating to those required for (NaON), by Lowenherz’s cryo-scopic method. Silver hyponitrite is prepared by adding a highly dilute solution of silver sulphate or nitrate to the alkaline solution already described. It decomposes exceedingly slowly in the moist state, forming products similar to those obtained on heating. It is also decomposed by bright light, becoming brown, but is not blackened, by the light alone. When heated, it is decomposed without explosion, its yellow colour changing directly to that of metallic silver, without intermediate darkening; the products are silver, silver nitrate, nitrogen, nitric oxide, and nitric per- oxide.Astudy of thechangerendersit most probable that the nitric oxide and silver nitrate are not primary products, but arise from interaction between the nitric peroxide and undecomposed hyponitrite. Sodium chloride solution digested with excess of silver hyponitrite has only 25/43 of its chlorine displaced by the hyponitrite ion. Paal’s supposed silver nitrito-hyponitrite, Ag,N,O,, appears not to exist. The preparation and properties of mercuric, mercurous, cupric, lead, barium, strontium, calcium, and potassium hyponitrites are described. Cuprous hyponitrite could not be obtained, nor were Rgy’s basic mer- 225 curic compounds met with. Maquenne’s hypo-isonitroso-acetates were examined, and the formula OAc*Ca*0 ON,*OAc,Ca(OAc),,5H20 is suggested for the calcium salt. Hyponitrous acid, in solution, is more acid to litmus paper than carbonic acid, but its effect disappears as the paper dries.It decom-poses slowly into nitrous oxide and water (and nothing else except a trace of nitrous acid having another origin). When pure, it has no action on iodine-water or with the starch-iodide test. It decomposes silver carbonate, sulpha te, nitrate, and chloride, when present in excess but not the iodide. It is easily oxidised, but is unaffected by reducing agents. Apparently it has not yet been obtained free from every trace of nitrous acid ; when carefully prepared, it will remain, however, for more than an hour without producing a blue colour with the starch- iodide test.Hyponitrous acid can be estimated gravimetrically as the silver salt, and volumetrically by potassium permanganate. Thum’s permanganate process, in which the hyponitrous acid becomes ulti- mately nitric acid, is an excellent one; the failure of Hantzsch and Sauer and of Kirschner in its use is due to the modifications they made in it. DISCUSSION. Professor DUNSTAK remarked that Dr. Divers in the present series of papers had cleared up a number of doubtful points. In connection with the formation of hyponitrite by the reduction of nitrite in aqueous solution, Dr. Divers had confirmed the observations made in 1887 by Mr. Dymond and himself, as to the simultaneous production of hydroxylamine and its non-formation by the further reduction of hyponitrite.He still adhered to the view that they put forward that these results were best explained by the assumption that the nitrite was first hydrogenated, forming a compound of the formula NaN(OH),, which on the one hand loses water, forming hyponitrite, and on the other is hydrolysed, forming sodium hydroxide and dihydroxylamine, NH(OH),, which by further reduction furnishes hydroxylamine. Mr. G. N. HUNTLYpointed out that the hypothesis of the formation of dihydroxylamine, as a first reduction product, suggested by Professor Dunstan had the advantage of being equally applicable to the two other methods of preparing hyponitrites, viz., from sodium hydroxyl- aminesulphonate (Divers), and benzenesulphohydroxamic acid (Piloty), by the action of concentrated potash.The three reactions on this hypothesis would be represented as follows :-( 1) NH(OH)(SO,Na) + KOH = KNaSO, + NH(OH), ; (2) NH(OH)(SO,*C,H,) + KOH = C,H,*SO,K + NH(OH), ; (3) HO*NO+ 2H = NH(OH),. In alkaline solution, the dihydroxylamine would condense thus, OH-NH-OH+ H(OH)N*OH= OH*N:N*OH+ H,O, and there being 226 no tendency to condensation in acid solution, further reduction should give hydroxylamine, a conclusion in accordance with the facts observed by Professor Divers. 143. (‘Paranitro-orthanisidine.” By Raphael Meldola, F.R,S. As paranitro-orthanisidine (m. p. 139-1 40°), which was described in a paper published in conjunction with Messvs. Woolcott and Wray (Trans., 1896, 69, 1330), has recently been made the subjeci of a patent by the “Fabriques de Produits Chimiqiies de Thann et de Mulhouse” (Germ.Pat., 98637 of 1897), the author records some further observations which have been made with the substance, as it is proposed to continue its investigation. The acetyl derivative, purified by repeated crystallisation from water so as to get rid of the isomeric metanitro-derivative simultaneously formed, melts at 153-154’, the melting point 143-146’ given in the former paper being that of the mixed isomerides. The acetyl- derivative of p-nitro-o-anisidine can be reduced by dissolving in hot water and agitating with iron dust and a little acetic acid. The p-amido-o-acetanisidide thus formed is somewhat unstable, and has not yet been isolated.It is readily diazotisable, and the NH2-group has by this meaps been replaced by iodine with the formation of p-iodo-o-acetanisiclide, [NHAc :OMe :I= 1 :2 :41. This compound crystallises in beautiful, silvery scales melting at 175-1 76’. 0.1778 gave 7.4 C.C. moist nitrogen at 19Oand 764 mm. N=4.80. 0.202 ,, 0.1618 AgI. I=43.38. The formula requires N = 4.61 per cent. ;I =43.64 per cent. Mr. Frederick Henry Streatfeild was assisting in this investigation, but having left to accept an appointment elsewhere, the work was temporarily interrupted. 227 CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION AT THE NEXT BALLOT. N.B.-The names of those who sign from ‘‘ General Knowledge ” are printed in itaZics. The following Candidates will be balloted for on Thursday, December 1, 1898.Bell, Hugh Poynter, 30, Egerton Crescent, S,W. Student. B.A. Cambridge, 1894. Studied Chemistry at Kiel and Bonn, 1895-1898. Henry E. Armstrong. Sidney Williamson. Edwin C. Jee. Gerald T. Moody. William A. Davis. William J. Pope. Berry,Reginald Arthur, The University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge. Private Assistant to Professor Liveing since May, 1895. Associate of the Institute of Chemistry (newregulations). Cambridge University Diploma in Agriculture. G. D. Liveing. H. J. H Fenton. .W. J. Sell. Thomas H. Easterfield. T. B. Wood. Birkett, Walter, 23, Cheviot St., Lincoln. Head Master of Lincoln Higher Grade School. Lecturer in Chemistry at Lincoln Christ’s Hospital Buildings (four years).Lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry as applied to Agriculture at, Lincoln Training College (four years). Student of Chemistry (two yeaIs) under E. C. Gill, B.A., B.Sc. (Lond.). Desirous of Fellowship for purpose of keeping abreast of recent discoveries in Chemical Science through the medium of the Society’s publications. John Hope Belcher. €19.Pui!Wie. F. Percy Watson. Francis Hen?*?/Fate. Hudson Donaldson. c’hns. B?*UclShccW. TI? 11.Stables. 228 Boardman, Thomas Henry, 4, St. George’s Terrace, Wilton, Taunton. Science Master at Huish School, Taunton. Teaching experience of one year. Second Class Natural Science Honours Degree at Cam-bridge (Peterhouse), taking Chemistry as one of my subjects.W. J. Sell. William French. H. J. H. Fenton. James Dewar. W. T. N. Spivey. Charles T. Heycock. Bogerf, Marscon Taylor, A.B.,Ph.B., 259, Broadway, Flushing, New York, U.S.A. Instructor in Organic Chemistry at Columbia University, New York City. Investigations on Sulfocyamides, Imides, Nitrils, &c. ‘I Carbon Compounds used in Medicine.” Lectures and papers showing relation between physiological action and chemical constitution, &c., &c. H. T. Vulte. Jas. S. C. Wells. C. F. Chandler. Elwyn Waller. Arthur H. Elliott. Brooke, Arthur, 17, Cavendish Square, Hull. Science Master, B.A. (Natural Science Tripos), Cantab., late of St. John’s College, Cambridge. First M.B. examination. For five years Science Master, Hull Grammar School.Lecturer in Electricity and Physiology at the Young People’s Christian and Literary Institute, Hull. W. J. Sell, S. Ruhemann. H. J. H. Fenton. W. T. N. Spivey. C. T. Heycock. Brunnich, Johannes Christian, Agricultural College, Gatton, Queensland. Chemist to the Department of Agriculture, Queensland. Student for three years of the Chemical Faculty of the Polytechnic School in Zurich, 1879-1881. For several years Analyst in Bohemian Sugar Factories. For ten years Chemist and Mill Manager of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company’s Sugar Mill at Homebush. A. Alexander Ramsay. Thos. Steel. T. W. Walton. Jas. Morison. F. B. Guthrie. de Castro, John Paul, Ford House, Redruth, Cornwa,ll. Principal of and Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Mineralogy, at the Hedruth School of Mines.1890-1892, Student 229 in Laboratory and SEhool of Chemistry, Margate, G. R. Tweedie, F.C.S., Principal. 1892-1895, Student in the Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory. Passed Parts I. and 11. of Special Examination in Chemistry for B.A. degree. 1895-1897, worked in the Metal- lurgical Laboratories of the Royal School of Mines, S.K., and obtained Certificate for passing in final examination in Metallurgy and Assaying. W. C. Roberts-Austen. H. J. H, Fenton. W. J. Sell. G. D. Liveing. S. Ruhemann. Henry C. Jenkins. F. H. Neville. Chapman, David Leonard, Hulme Hall, Plymouth Grove, Manchester. Demonstrator, Owens College. B.A., Oxford (Final Honours School in Chemistry and Physics) Demonstrator at the Owens College, Manchester, in Chemistry.H. B. Dixon. G. H. Bailey. W. H. Perkin. E. J. Russell. D. S. Jerdan. Crouch, William Samuel, Colombo, Ceylon. Pharmaceutical Chemist and member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Formerly Student in the Pharmaceutical Society's School of Chemistry. Now Laboratory Manager to the Colonibo Apothecaries Company. Charles Ekin. Edward F. Harrison. M. Carteighe. IValtes. Hills. W. Watson Will. E. J; Afillavd. Robert Haselwood Jones. J. C. Stead. Ernest Goulding. Cunnington, Alfred Valentine, Christ's College, Cambridge. Scholar of Christ's College. Natural Sciences Tripos, Part I.,June, 1897. Natural Sciences Tripos, Part II., June, 1898.Carrying out Research work to Dr. S. Ruhemann. S. Ruhemann. R. S. Morrell. W. A. Shenstone. A. Hutchinson. M. M. Pattison Muir. R. H. Adie. Davidson, William Brown, 29, Bedford Street, Liverpool. M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., Private Research Assistant to Professor J. Campbell Brown. Contributions to Chemical Science :-( 1) '' Inter- 230 action of 1:2-Diketones with Primary Amines of the General Formula R’*CH,*NH,.” By F. R. Japp, F.R.S., and W. 15. Davidson, MA., B.Sc., Trans. Chem. Soc., 1894, pp. 32-47. (2) “Condensation of Benzile with Ethylic Malonate.” By F. R.Japp and W. B. Davidson. Tmns. Chem. Soc., 1895, pp. 132-1 39. (3) “ Ueber Diazophenole.” By A. Hantzsch undW. B. Davidson. Ber.,29,1522-1536. (4)“Phgsiko-chemische Untersuchungen uber Diazoniumsalze, Diazoniumhydrat und normale Diazotate.” By W.B. Davidson und A. Hantzsch, Ber., 31, 1612-1648. (5) “ Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doctor- wurcie.” Wiirzburg, February, 1898, pp. 155. Was engaged for a year (1893-94) as Private Research Assistant to Professor Japp, Aberdeen. J. Campbell Brown. IV. Collingwood Williams. Charles A. Kohn. F. R. Japp. John Harger. T. S. Murray. Dickson, Samuel, The Kraal, Elm Road, New Malden. Analytical Chemist. I have acted as chief assistant Chemist to Messrs. Staager and Blount, of Broadway, Westminster, for the last 11 years, and in their laboratory have carried out many technical investigations and analyses of structural materials, waters, soils, clays aiid metalliferous minerals for the Crown Agents for the Colonies and other Government Departments.W. Harry Stanger. W. J. Atkinson Butterfield. Bertram Blount. Leonard M. Nash. H. Wilson Hake. A. Dupr6. Drake, Francis Alfred, Rivington and Blackrod Grammar School, Horwich, Lancs. Teacher of Chemistry. Have taken the degree of Bachelor of Science, London (1895); have been a Teacher of Chemistry for 5 years, and am much interested in the advancement of Chemical Science and Teaching. Chas. Mills. Richard Berncastle. Gerald T. Moody. A. Lapwovth. William J. Pope. Arthur Marshall. Ferguson, James Edward, 26, Connaught Road, Stroud Green, London, N. Analytical Chemist and Assayer. Student in Chemistry during four sessions, under Prof.Isaac S. Scarf, F.I.C., F.C.S., at the City of London College, White Street, E.C. Hold the following Certificates from H.M. Dept. of Science and Art, viz., 1st class Theoretical In- 331 organic Chemistry, advanced stage ; 1st class Practical Inorganic Chemistry, advanced stage ;1st class Theoretical Metallurgy, advanced stage ;and 2nd class Practical Metallurgy, advanced stage. Also two Certificates granted by the Council of the City of London College, viz., 2nd class Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, and 1st class Prac- tical Inorganic Chemistry. Over 6 years’ experience in Analytical Chemistry, as assistant to Mr. Edwd. Riley, F.I.C.,F.C.S., of 2, City Road, London, E.C., and 2 years Chief Chemist to the company working the Royal Iron Ore Mines in the Island of Elba, Italy.Presently Analytical Chemist and Assayer to a firm of mineral merchants in London. Edwd. Riley. Harold W. Harrie. William H. Martin. F. W. Daw. Isaac S. Scarf. E. J. Jackman. Gardner, Edward, 27, Thnrlow Road, Hampstead, N.W. Technical Chemist. I have studied Inorganic and Organic Chem- istry for 3 years at the City and Guilds Technical College, Fins- bury, and have been engaged for 3 years as Chemist to Messrs. Johnson, Matthey & Co. George Mstthey. Francis H. Carr. R. Meldola. M. 0. Forster. R. C. T. Evans. Goldsmith, John Naish, Rock House, Tunbridge Wells. Chemist to the British Xylonite Co., Manningtree, Essex. Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (Victoria), 1894.Ph.D. Heidelberg, 1898. Dissertation “Uber Xe* L*Ph-3-Cyclohexenon-5,” &c. H. B. Dixon. G. H. Bailey. D. S. Jerdan. W. A. Bone. W. H. Perkin. J. F. Thorpe. V.F.Lawrence. Hadley, E. B., The Green, Calne, Wilts. Science Master and Superintendent of Agricultural Experiments to the Wilts County Council. Head Master Calne Technical School. have lectured on Chemistry for the last 15 years, and conducted classes in Practical Chemistry for the last 12 years. I am in charge of the Agricultural ExFerimental Stations at Quemeiford, Lickhell, and the Sands under the Wilts C.C. Chapman Jones. W. Palmer Wynne. C,. S. Newth. Fredk. Wm. Brown. A. E. Tutton. 232 Hartridge, Alfred, 14, Broad Street, Oxford. B.A. Exeter College, Oxford.1st Class in Final School of Natural Science (Chern.), 1597. Engaged in teaching and research. John Conxoy. John Watts. W. W. Fisher. J. E. Marsh. D. H. Nagel. V. H. Veley. Haworth, John, 4,Horsdon Terrace, Tiverton, Devon. Public Analyst and Teacher of Chemistry. Public Analyst to the Borough of Tiverton, and for 9 years Demonstrator of Chemistry in the laboratory of Blundell’s School, Tiverton. Morris W. Travers. A. H. Mitchell. Frank Scudder. FViZZia~mG. Wlhite. H. E. Roscoe. Hendry, Alexander Garden, 14, Avenell Road, London, W. Laboratory Manager to Messrs. Lorimer & Co., Manufacturing Chemists, London. Pharmaceutical Chemist, 1st class Advanced Organic Chemistry, 1st, class Advanced Inorganic, Heriot Watt College, Edinburgh. Frederick R.Holloman. F. Stanley Eipping. William Duncan. W. H. Perkin, jun. Alex. Gunn. John Fleet. Peter MucE’wan. Holroyd, George William Fraser, 10, Kensington Garden Terrace, London. Student of Chemistry. Fell Exhibitioner of Christ Church, Oxford. First class in Chemistry in the School of Natural Science, Has worked for 2 years in Munich under Professor v. Baeyer. A. Vernon Harcourt. Frank Clowes. John Conroy. D. H. Nagel. P. Elford. Howe, Walter, 45, Spring Gardens, Bradford, Brewer and Chemist. Have attended Courses of Lectures on both Theoretical and Practical Chemistry. Am member of Yorkshire Institute of Brewing, and was on committee from commencement until I resigned last year. Being interested in practice and science of 233 brewing, am desirous of keeping in touch with the latest developments of the chemistry of the subject.Alex. K. Miller. Chas. WilliamXutton. Arthur W.Rogers. Alfred Goydon Xalamon. J. A. Fawcett,. A. Hadley. Basil P.Wigan. Hill-Jones, Thomas, Eagle Wharf Road, London. Manufacturing Chemist. Succeeded grandfather and father in business of Chemical Manufacturers. Studied Chemistry at Birkbeck Institute, London, and worked in laboratory at the works. Had cha.rge of all departments of manufacture until succeeded father as head of the business. Frederic H. Bowman. T. A. Reid. F. E. Bowman. Francis Henry Tate. B. Douxurd. Jordan-Smith, Benjamin, 42, King’s Road, Reading. Science Master in Longton Endowed School, and Instructor in Chemistry to the Longton Corporation’s Technical Classes.Associate of the Royal College of Science in Chemistry. T. E. Thorpe. Walter Palmer. W. Palmer IVynne. Thomas Turner. A. E. Tutton. Kay, Reginald bundale, 7, The Causeway, Cambridge. Agriculturist, Member of the Royal Agricultural College, by Examination, Student at above in Analytical Chemistry. Edward Kinch. John A. voelcke~. Cecil Cooke Duncan. F. A. Bickson. John Stewart Remington. James Huir. Mascarenhas, John Charles, 35,Harold Road, Upton Park. Analytical Chemist, &c. Student of Theoretical and Practical Chem- istry for 7 years at City of London College. Holder of 2 Advanced Certificates in Chemistry, and still prosecuting the study of Organic Chemistry. Student of Physics.Engaged in the analysis of minerals, &c. Have a good knowledge of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Materia Medica. Isaac S. Scarf. E. J. Jackman. Horace V. Buttfield. Charles A. West. Pisian B. Lewee. 234 Nightscales, Thomas Arthur, Tynemouth Street, Hull. Assistant Laboratory Manager and Analyst for Messrs. Allison, Johnson and Foster, Limited, Hull. Pupil, G. Carr-Robinson, Esq., F.C.S.,F.I.C., &c., Hull. Assistant 12 months of Mr. Luxton, Chemist, Hull Municipal Technical Schools. At present engaged in Analytical and Technical work in connection with Pharmacy. Thomas Tyrer. Fred. E. Johnson. Harry Thompson. G. Carr-Robinson. H. Irving Foster.Edward G. Gravill. Pollard, William, Hitchin, Herts. Temp. Assistant Geologist, Geological Survey. “Acidmetrische Bestimmung d. Molybdansaiire ” (Sentert and Pollard, 2. Anorg. Ch., 8,296). “Atomgemicht d. Molybdans ” (Sentert and Pollard, 2.Arzorg. Ch., 8, 439). ‘‘ Note on Lead Tetracetate ” (Hutchinson and Pollard, Trans. Chem. Xoc., 1893, 63, 1136). “Lead Tetracetate and the Plumbic Salts” (Hutchinson and Pollard, Trans. Chem. Xoc., 1896, 69, 212). M. M. Pattison Muir. W. T.N. Spivey. S. Ruhemann. T. B. Wood. A. Hutchinson. R. S. Morrell. Ray, John Armstedt, jun., B.A., 15, Nassau Street, Dublin. Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemist. Has been a Student in the Dnblin University Laboratory for two years, and is engaged in Pharmaceutical practice.J. Emerson Reynolds. Emil A. Werner. G. Percy Bailey. Chas. R. C. Tichborne. Harry Carter Draper. Rich, Edmund Milton, 7, Therapia Road, Honor Oak, S.E. Science Master. A. C. G. I. Science Master Colfe Grammar Sc h 001. Henry E. Armstrong. William Jackson Pope. Edwin C. Jee. William A. Davis. Thomas Martin Lowry. Gerald T. Moody. W. Palmer Wynne. Rigg, Gilbert, Tudor Villa, Bryn Road, Swansea. Chemist and Managing Director. Nine years as student, assistant, and manager in the laboratory of Dr. C. A. Burghardt, Analytical Chemist, of Manchester. Student of Chemistry and Prizeman in Mia-eralogy at 0wens College, Ifancliester. Co-patentee with Dr. Burghardt in a process for treating refractory ores of zinc and other metals, and Managing Director of the Manchester Zinc and Copper Co., Ltd.formed to work the same. Edw. Schunck. David Watson. George J. Allen. Walter Ratcliff e. J. Caieter Bell. Rofe,Henry John, S, Powis Square, Bayswater, W. Civil Engineer. B.A. BalIiol Cdllege, Oxford, with Honours in Chemistry. Interested in the application of Chemistry to Engineering. A. Vernon Harcaurt. John Conroy. D. H. Na.ge1. C. J. Baker. William E.Moss. Sand, Henry J. S., 2,Cantlowes Rd., Camden Sq.,N.W. (or Tieckstrasse 12,Dresden). At present engaged in research work at the Chemical Laboratory of University College, London. Studied Chemistry from 1892 to 1894 at the Royal Elaxon Polytechnic of Dresden, and afterwards at the Federal Swisi Polyteshnic of Zurich ti11 1896.After that engaged in a research on nitroso-bodies, at Zurich, till the end of 1897, the results of which appeared in my Inaugural thesis. Holder of the Diploma of the Zurich Polytechnic, and of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Uni-versity of Zurich. William Ramsay. Frank Collingridge. J. Wallace Walker. A. M. Kellas. Edward C. Cyril Baly. Seligman, Richard, 15, Queen’s Gate Gardens, London, S.W. Recently engaged in research at the Central Technical College, and shortly proceeding to work under Professor Curtius, Associate of the City and Guild3 of Lonilon Institute, after having spent three years in the Chemistry Department of the Central Technical College under Professor Armstrong.Henry E. Armstrong. Rudolph Messel. William A. Davis. Gerald T. Moody. Edwin C. Jee. Sidney Williamson. Senior, George, B.A. (London),‘‘Arwendon,” Abergele, North Wales. Certificated Teacher. Science Master of Abergele County School. 236 Have taught Chemistry in Higher Grade Schools at Rochdale and Nottingham, and also at Abernyron County School, for over 12 years. Thos. W. Berry. W. B.Hards. Wm. A. Knight. Geruld G. Quinn. Duncan T. Richards. Her6ert Ent wistle. Smiles, Samuel, jun., B.Sc., Fairoak, Beckenham, Kent. Chemist. Research Student in University College Chemical Laboratory. William Ramsay. G. Nevi11 Huntly. Morris W. Travers. A. M. Kellas. Edward C. Cyril Baly. Fpank Collingridge. Steuart, Basil, Broxburn, near Edinburgh.Chemist. Studied Chemistry under D. R. Steuart, F.I.C., Broxburn, and Prof. Gibson, Heriot Watt College, Edin. Have worked all day in chemical laboratory for last 4 years. Now Assistant Chemist, Broxburn Oil Works, J. Gibson. D. R. Steunrt. John E. Mackenzie. William S. Anderson. Ro6ert Irvine. Wdton, Ambrose, 6‘ Gledholt,” Lower Broughton Road, Broughton. Chemical Manufacturer. NOWproprietor of the firm of Walton, Jackson and Co., “ Globe Chemical Works,” late “Aqueduct Works,” Marple. I have been, for the 3 years ending 1897, manager of A. Walton and Co.’s Chemical Works of Longwood, Milnsbridge, and Manchester. For 2 years secretary to John ISlcCall and Co., Ltd., Chemical Manufacturers, Manchester. I have studied the theory of Chemistry as applied to my branch of the industry, and am still prose- cuting researches in various directions.Harry Grimshaw. Hy. Ellison, jun. C. Sordes Ellis. George H. Burst. H. P.A. Wigley. Woods, Charles William Tuthill, St. Kilda, Tudor Road, Upper Norwood, London. Science Master, Grammar School, Ashby-de-la-Zouch. (Mr. Woods was Senior Scholar of his year in Natural Science at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, but was prevented by illness from taking a degree.-F. H. N.) F. H. Neville. G. German. C. T. Heycock. S. Ruhemann. M. 2K.Pattison Muir. 237 Young, John Henry, B.Sc., 115, Birmingham Road, Oldbury, Near Birmingham. Assistant Chemist at Aluminium Co., Ltd., Oldbury, and Teacher of Chemistry at Wednesbury Technical School, 1893-6.Chemical Honours Student at Owens College, Manchester, June, 1896. Obtained degree of B.Sc. in Honours School of Chemistry, September, 1896, and at present Assistant Clhemist in Aluminium Co., Ltd., Oldbury, August, 1897, and at present Teacher of Chemistry Wednesbury Technical School. H. B. Dixon. A. William Gilbody. W. H. Perkin, jun. T. E. Thorpe. A. Harden. The following Certificates were authorised by the Council under Bye-law I (3). Carroll, Charles Robert, Hyderabad, Deccan, India. Surgeon and Chemical Analyst to the Government of His High-uess the Nizam of Hyderabad. Lecturer on Chemistry in the Hgderabad Medical School. Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery of the University of Madras. Wyndham R. Dunstan.Miller, William Lash, B.A., Ph.D., Chemical Laboratory, The University of Toronto. Demonstrator of Chemistry, the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Publications : Dissertation 1890. Zeit. phys. Chem., 1892 ; Journcd of Phys. Chem., 1897. Demonstrator in the University of Toronto since 1891. William H. Pike. W. Hodgson Ellis. Frank T. Shutt. Wilder, Frederick Louis, Villa Nova de Lima, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Analytical Chemist. Six years assistant in Chemical Laboratory, Charterhouse School, Godalming, Surrey, Rev. S. D. Titmas, Master. Chemist to D. C. Griffiths, Esq., Assayer to Bank of England. Chief Chemist to St. John del Rey Mining Go., Brazil. Associate of Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London. Member Society of Chemical Industry, London.T.H. Lee. 238 RESEARCH FUND. A meeting of the Research Fund Committree will be held in December. Applications for grants, accompanied by full particulars, should be received by the Secretaries not later than December 5th. Forms of application can be obtained from the Assistant-Secretary, Chemical Society, Burlington House, W. NOTICE TO AUTHORS. As the Pyoceedings go to press on the Monday after each ordinary Meeting of the Society, the announcement of papers for the next Meeting cannot be made in this publication unless the papers are in the hands of the Secretaries by noon on that day. At the next meeting, on December lst, there will be a Ballot for the Election of Fellows, and the following paper will be communicated. ‘6 The oxidation of polyhydric alcohols in presence of iron.” By H. J. H. Fenton, M.A., and H. Jackson, B.A.,B.Sc. RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNOAT.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL8981400189
出版商:RSC
年代:1898
数据来源: RSC
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