ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The association between exercise and menstrual cycle regulation is multifactorial and complex. Competitive athletes have several contributing factors to their hypothalamic-ovarian dysfunction: intensity of physical exercise, decreased body fat, inappropriate dieting, and stress. The consequences of amenorrhea include osteoporosis, increased risk of fracture, deleterious lipid changes, and infertility. Athletes have special considerations when choosing contraception. Prevention of breast injury and irritation is a concern for many athletes. The literature to date on athletic amenorrhea is limited by poor study design and too few subjects. Future studies should include prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter studies in order to achieve significant results.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Exercise produces hormonal changes. The more intensive and prolonged the exercise is, the more pronounced the changes are. In postpubertal female athletes, these changes are generally transient (for example, anovulation and menstrual cycle irregularity), with no long-term effects. In younger athletes, however, the hormonal changes produced by prolonged and strenuous exercise, particularly when competition is involved, require careful monitoring for their potential effects on the time of onset of puberty and the delay in menarche. Stress, anxiety, recurrent increase in body core temperature produced by strenuous physical activity, and an inadequate diet are among the most important factors that can enhance these hormonal alterations. We review the recent literature on hormonal changes in exercising women, focusing on the effects of exercise on gonadotrophins, sex steroid hormones, cortisol, prolactin, melatonin, growth hormone, endorphins, and parathyroid hormone.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The role of exercise in pregnancy (EIP) is widely debated. Pregnancy produces marked changes of several physiologic variables of the mother. Regular EIP limits the increase in O2requirement and produces an increase in the absolute anaerobic threshold, which persists for up to 36 weeks. Exercise in pregnancy reduces the incidence of muscle cramps, lower limb edema, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Increased knee cruciate ligament laxity does not normally produce any instability. Exercise in pregnancy reduces the increase in baseline maternal heart rate that occurs in pregnancy. Heart rate and stroke volume increase more markedly with exercise in pregnant women than in nonpregnant controls. Noradrenalin response to EIP is lower than in nonpregnant controls. Blood glucose levels decrease more promptly and to lower values with exercise in pregnant women than in nonpregnant controls. Glucose tolerance normally decreases in pregnancy, but increases during EIP. Regular EIP improves glucose tolerance in diabetic mothers and reduces total maternal weight gain and subcutaneous fat deposition toward the lower end of the normal range. Regular EIP produces higher plasma endorphin levels during labor and better pain tolerance than in sedentary controls. Women who undertake regular EIP have a lower incidence of 3rd- and 4th-degree vaginal tears. Children of exercising mothers have similar birth-weights as children of sedentary mothers, and mental performance at age 5 is higher. If there are no specific obstetric or medical contraindications, fit pregnant women can safely maintain the same level of fitness during pregnancy, although exercise schedules may have to be reduced.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Within the last decade, physicians and researchers have discovered that three disorders found in the female athletic population (disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis) are frequently interrelated as components of the female athlete triad. Disordered eating can be mild or subtle at first, but can progress to the more serious eating disorders of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Even in its earlier stages, it can lead to hypothalamic amenorrhea, secondary to an energy deficit. The resultant hypoestrogenism causes inadequate absorption of dietary calcium and poor incorporation into bone, leading to low bone mineral density and, eventually, premature osteoporosis. Treatment of an athlete with any of the triad disorders should be multi-disciplinary, beginning with non-pharmacologic intervention and lifestyle counseling. However, prevention is by far the best method of treatment. This can be accomplished through education and through annual preparticipation physical examinations (PPEs), which offer an excellent opportunity to screen for the triad disorders.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

More young females train for competitive sport today than ever before. Yet the understanding of girls' capabilities for endurance training is limited. Many studies on the development of endurance capabilities are cross-sectional and are unable to control for the changes that occur as a result of normal growth, development, and maturation. Because body size significantly affects the measurement of physiological performance, endurance measures such as peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) should be normalized or scaled to account for the differences in body size. Inappropriate analyses of peak Vo2development have clouded the understanding of the independent contributions of body composition to the growth of peak Vo2in females. Of the research available, it is suggested that girls' endurance capability increases as they increase in size until puberty, then plateaus as they progress to adulthood. However, much variation exists based on genotype and on the frequency, intensity, time, and type of endurance training program. Further longitudinal research is necessary to clearly address the endurance exercise capabilities of young, growing females.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

At any given age, there is wide variation among children in size, physique and body composition, rate of growth, and timing and tempo of biologic maturation.There is corresponding variation among young female athletes. Successful young female athletes are a highly selected group in terms of skill, size and physique, and often socioeconomic status. Comparisons of young female athletes with reference data for the general population indicate that, in general, these young females grow and mature in a similar manner as non-athletes with variation among sports. The short stature and decreased body mass observed in some élite young female athletes likely reflects the selection practice of specific sports. In some of these élite sports there may be a focus on desirable physical and maturational characteristics. It is difficult to attribute the observed variation in the growth and maturation of young athletes to the effects of systematic training. The data presently available do not meet the criteria for causality, and many factors known to influence growth and maturation are usually not considered in studies of young athletes.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Certain injuries or conditions are sport specific, and the question of whether gender may play a role is recognized as an important issue. Generalized ligamentous laxity, and shoulder laxity specifically, have traditionally been associated with female athletes. Recent reviews, however, have failed to conclusively demonstrate a difference in shoulder laxity between men and women. This article reviews shoulder instability in the female athletic population, especially those involved in overhead activities. In the literature reviewed, of patients with unidirectional anterior instability, 22.3% are female. Of patients with multidirectional instability, 35.7% are female, and of patients with posterior instability, 27.1% are female. The higher incidence of shoulder instability in the male population may simply reflect the fact that men are still more likely than women to participate in high-risk activities and overhead sports. As for surgery, at this time, the most that can be said is that women are less likely than men to undergo surgery for stabilization of an unstable shoulder of any type. There is no strong evidence to suggest that the outcome of surgery is significantly different than that of men. Conclusions about the incidence of shoulder instability in female athletes using this type of review must be drawn with caution, due to the heterogeneity of the study populations. Data on the rate of shoulder instability per unit of exposure to high-risk activities are still not available.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in sports. Most ACL injuries are noncontact in nature and frequently occur in certain athletic tasks. In sports such as soccer, basketball and volleyball, female athletes have higher risk for ACL injuries than their male counterparts. Previous studies on the proposed risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries focused mainly on nonmodifiable static factors that are remote from the injury events, without consideration of movements. Little convincing evidence, theoretical or experimental, has demonstrated the association between these static factors and the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Female athletes have altered knee motion patterns in athletic tasks that place the ACL at risk. These altered motion patterns by female athletes tend to increase the load on the ACL, and may be a major contributor to the elevated frequency of ACL injuries in female athletes.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common complaint in female athletes. There are clear structural, biomechanical, sociological, and hormonal differences between women and men that contribute to an increased incidence of PFPS in women. Unfortunately, the etiology of PFPS is still not well understood. It may represent the end result of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Three major factors can be attributed to its etiology: quadriceps muscle imbalance and/or weakness, lower extremity and patellofemoral malalignment, and physical overload of patellofemoral joint. Exclusion of intraarticular pathology is essential to diagnose PFPS. Imaging can be helpful to diagnose any associated patellar instability. Conservative management, a mainstay in management, includes rehabilitation focusing on proprioception, strength, flexibility, endurance, and a gradual progression of the musculoskeletal load. Various training programs are in use, including isometric open kinetic chain exercises and eccentric closed kinetic chain exercises. Surgery may be required if conservative measures fail. Various procedures have been described, including lateral retinaculum release and proximal and distal realignment procedures.

ISSN:1062-8592    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID