摘要:

AbstractMultielement analysis of fresh water algae, including unicellularEuglenasp. and some filamentousCladophorasp. species, revealed extremely high concentrations of various chemical elements such as Al ∼ 28,000 ppm (mg/L), Sr ∼ 150, Ba ∼ 40, Zn ∼ 150, Pb ∼ 1600, Cu ∼ 200, and Be ∼ 180 ppm. These concentrations are highly variable, and depend on both the algal species and the host environments. Samples were collected from the Elliot Lake (U), Timmins (Au), and Sudbury (Cu, Ni, Pt) mining camps of northern Ontario. These results endorse the premise that microorganisms mediate the transfer of many solutes between hydrosphere and sedimentary regime, and by sequestering toxic metals released from the mine tailings, they are useful in the retardation of metal dispersion into the environment and as a possible mechanism to enhance secondary recovery of precious metals where solute levels are too low for convention

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive tests, based on methods currently in use for measuring the inhibition of rates of respiration, nitrification, and growth of bacteria, are evaluated for use as screening tests for assessing the treatability of settled sewage and toxicity of industrial effluent. A treatability factor is derived for each test for a series of settled sewages and a toxicity factor for industrial effluents by comparison with control standards. The Microtox test gives greater sensitivity, repeatability, and precision, but possible problems in the interpretation of the results warrant further comparison with the remaining tests, all of which show reasonable promise.

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of urban and industrial wastes on marine bacteria was assessed by thymidine incorporation and bacterial mortality. The results indicate that heavy metals are highly toxic to the marine bacteria, while alkyl benzene sulfonate exhibits a moderate biotoxicity. The lyophilized wastes are, however, only mildly toxic to the marine bacteria. In general, the bacterial mortality rate is increased with the industrial waste loading.

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn essential part ofin vivoINT‐dehydrogenase assay is quantitation of the intensely colored, water‐insoluble iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INTF) that forms intracellularly as the product of INT reduction. This procedure involves extraction of INTF from microbial cells by an organic solvent, permitting colorimetric measurement of the formazan. In the present study, it was found that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) provided the most consistent extraction of INTF from activated sludge and filamentous bacteria. The relative efficiency of 2 + 3 tetrachloroethylene/acetone (TA) was slightly greater than that of DMSO in some cases. However, this solvent only partially extracted INTF from one of the filament types tested (type 1701) and its performance was impaired by adsorption of ferrous ion to sludge. Methanol was generally the least efficient of the solvents tested. It was particularly ineffective in extracting INTF from Fe2+‐treated sludges. Permeabilization of cells with lysozyme or Triton X‐100 improved the INTF yields obtained with methanol. Triton X‐100,the more effective of the two permeabilizing agents, increased the INTF yield obtained with methanol to the same level as that obtained with D

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMicroorganisms have demonstrated several attributes that make them attractive for use in quick screening of effluents and chemicals for toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of industrial effluents from São Paulo State using short‐term microbial bioassays. Samples of industrial effluents and receiving waters were analyzed for acute toxicity by the Microtox system, a motility test usingSpirillum volutans, growth inhibition ofPseudomonas fluorescens, and dehydrogenase assay; for mutagenicity, these samples were analyzed bySalmonella typhimurium(Ames test),Escherichia coliWP2, andSaccharomyces cerevisiaereversion mutation assays. Among the acute toxicity assays carried out in this study, the Microtox andS. volutanstests showed good sensitivity and general good agreement with theDaphnia similisassay, which demonstrates that these tests are potentially useful as toxicity indicators for the industrial effluents and receiving waters considered. In relation to mutagenicity assays, good results were obtained with the three methods tested. The detection of mutagens in the industrial effluents considered indicates that some constituents of these waste waters discharged in receiving waters can cause adverse biological effects and could be deleterious from a public health standpoint. The data of this research emphasize the importance of acute toxicity and mutagenicity assays as supplementary approaches for a rapid and efficient action in water pollution control, and for evaluation of potential toxic chemical effec

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo different criteria for biochemical toxicity testing are proposed: the effect of hazardous substances on the metabolic activity of the natural microflora and the determination of such substances by a standardized enzyme testing system. To measure effects on the microbial metabolic activity, there are various simplein vivoenzyme assays using chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. To detect unknown substances with harmful effects, there exist somein vitroenzyme tests with commercial preparations of defined purity and sensitivity. The performance, sensitivity, and some data of the practical use of such tests are presented. The applicability of the two testing protocols is discussed.

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540030102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY