摘要:

Before confident guidelines for disposal of potentially hazardous waste constituents can be established, a knowledge of a multitude of factors influencing metal migration rates in soils is necessary. Research identifying the principal soil factors has been published, and the movement of trace metals in soils is described as a statistical function of specific properties of the soil medium. The necessity of characterizing the three main site‐disposal environments as to (a) soil, (b) leaching solution, and (c) specific polluting constituent also has been established and is discussed. Prominent soil parameters influencing attenuation components are (a) clay content, (b) silt content, (c) presence of lime, (d) pH level, and (e) hydrous oxides of Fe, Mn, and Al. With these and other known parameters, certain soil modifications and low‐cost liners for disposal sites are suggested. All sites require modification if migration of pollutants is to be retarded and prevented from reaching underground water sources or finding their way into the food chain. Ways in which the soil may be modified to minimize movement of pollutants from solid waste operations are recommended on a practical field‐operation basis.

ISSN:0007-8999    

DOI:10.1080/10643388009381672

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

As implied by its title, the paper traces the development of an apparent conflict between technology and ecology, including aspects of population growth, resource availability, and waste. Practices of the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation are considered, and their culmination in passage of the National Environmental Policy Act with its emphasis on technology assessment. Attention is given to the fact that man's ability to produce changes in the environment continues to exceed his ability to predict the eventual results. It is concluded that technology and ecology are not inherently at odds; rather, because the social sciences lag far behind the physical and the biological, the difficulty lies wholly between us as human beings.

ISSN:0007-8999    

DOI:10.1080/10643388009381673

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The medical utilization of sterile solutions for topical, oral, and i.v. therapy and as fluids for patient equipment is increasing dramatically. Currently, approximately half of the nation's hospitalized population receive one or more i.v.’s In the past two decades, attention has focused on the contamination of such solutions by microorganisms and their cellular by‐products. Such contamination has resulted in increased patient mortality and morbidity. Gram‐negative bacteria such asKlebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Flavobacterium,and several fungi are the principal agents associated with contamination of sterile fluids. These organisms have the ability not only to survive in sterile fluids but also to grow to densities of 105cells per milliliter without visible turbidity. Growth may be accomplished over a brief 24‐hr interval, often in a medium relatively free of nutrients as with sterile water and saline. The water reservoirs and humidifiers of patient equipment which is frequently utilized in intensive care and hemodialysis units have served as sources of contamination and infection. In addition, an alternation in the routine procedure of sealing i.v. solutions by one manufacturer resulted in catastrophic events for subsequent users. Organisms which occupy such environmental niches have been found to react differently to physical and chemical stress than laboratory strains growing on artificial media. The prolonged medical management of debilitated and physiologically compromised patients coupled with continuing utilization of essential equipment, associated fluids, i.v.’s and other solutions increases the challenge to apply appropriate environmental controls to assure patient safety.

ISSN:0007-8999    

DOI:10.1080/10643388009381674

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor