摘要:

Most research on the effects of petroleum in aquatic systems has concentrated on the immediate and short‐term toxic effects. This review collates and evaluates the results of research concerned with the effects of sublethal concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons on aquatic organisms and to a lesser extent, ecosystems, and considers some of the implications for human health. The available information on quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons which are released into the sea as well as the concentration and types which occur in oceanic areas is presented. The various mechanisms by which hydrocarbons can enter different classes of aquatic organisms are outlined, as well as storage, metabolic, and excretion processes. This information is utilized in applying to petroleum hydrocarbons the mathematical modeling principles which have been developed during investigations of other environmentally persistent substances. In this context the behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons in food webs is considered, particularly the possibility of biological magnification. The available information on physiological and behavioral responses to sublethal concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons is reviewed. In various areas the petroleum contamination of aquatic organisms used as food has occurred. The incidence of tainting in seafoods and the significance of human exposure to petroleum‐derived carcinogens is considered.

ISSN:0007-8999    

DOI:10.1080/10643388109381686

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This review deals essentially with the influence of environmental temperature on the immune response of fish and on their immune resistance to pathogens. The first part of this paper (Sections II and III) is concerned with the resistance of fish to infections and the influence of different natural or experimental stresses, including the influence of the environmental temperature, on both the humoral immune response and the phagocytic apparatus. On the basis of the reported data, as well as field observations, an attempt was made to explain the mechanism of infection in fish. It was stated that microbial contamination, environmental stresses, temperature, and specific immunity are the major determining factors in the infection of fish. Specific immunity may have a palliative action enabling the fish to surmount infection despite the stress; however, it could be reduced or abolished at low temperatures. The second part of this review deals with temperature control of experimentally induced humoral immune response in fish. The primary and secondary responses, and immunologic memory, as well as the carrier effect and specific tolerance phenomena and their regulation by means of temperature modulations, are described. The mechanism by which the ambient temperature affects the immune response of fish and the determination of the nature of the temperature‐sensitive event as to its possible relationship to helper‐cell maturation and its temporal localization in the immune process are discussed in light of recent findings on cell cooperation in mammalians.

ISSN:0007-8999    

DOI:10.1080/10643388109381687

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor