摘要:

Publication of Analytical Proceedings is the responsibility of the Analyst Publications Committee: Assistant Editors J. M. Ottaway (Chairman) All editorial matter should be addressed to The Editor, Analytical Proceedings, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN. Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001. Editor, Analyst and Analytical Proceedings @ The Chemical Society 1980 Dr. A. Townshend, Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT Hon. Publicity and Public Relations Officer Advertisements: Advertising Department, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OBN. Telephone 01 -734 9864. ANPRDI 17(3) 69-102 (1980) ISSN 0306-1 396 ANALYTICAL PROCEED I N G S PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY Hon.SecretaQ P. G. W. Cobb Hon. Assistant Secretaries D. 1. Coomber, 0. B.E.; D. C. M. Squirrel1 Secretary Miss P. E. Hutchinson H. J. Cluley "P. Gray J. N. Miller *Ex officio members CHEMICAL SOCIETY ANALYTICAL DIVISION NORTH WEST REGION RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WATER ANALYSIS A meeting to be held at the University of Salford (Chapman Building) April 16th, I980 The speakers will include P. Morries, A. L. Wilson, R. Briggs, J. D. Tyldesley and J. S. Leahy. The registration fee for the meeting, to include morning coffee and afternoon tea, will be f12 for members of the CS and f15 for non-members. Lunch will be available at an additional charge of f5. For further details contact Mr. G. Davison, Kodak Limited, Chemical Division, Research Department, Acornfield Road, Kirkby, Lancs. President R. Belcher P. C. Weston D. Simpson G. E. Penketh T. B. Pierce W. H. C. Shaw March 1980 Hon. Treasurer J. K. Foreman Mrs. J. Brew, R. W. Hazell, R. A. Young A. Townshend "P. C. Weston J. Whitehead

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP98017FX011

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY 100 Analytical Division Diary, continued April, continued "Some Applications of GC/MS in Water Analysis," by J. S. Leahy and M. Purvis. Chapman Building, The University, Salford. Registration is necessary. Cost f 12 to CS members and f 1 5 to non-members. Closing date April 2nd after which there will be a surcharge of f5. Contact: Mr. G. Davison, Kodak Ltd., Research and Development Depart- ment, Acornfield Road, Kirkby, Mersey- side, L33 7UF. (Tel. 051 -546-2101, Ex. 127). : beds Wednesday, 16tht 10.30 North East Region and Microchemical Methods Group. July 20-26th 1980, Lancaster University The Use of Microchemistry in the Textile Industry. The meeting will attempt to show the impact of small- scale methods of analysis in the textile industry, and should be of interest to anyone involved in the analysis of textiles, and to students, inasmuch as it will demonstrate the application of familiar (and not so familiar) techniques to a particular industry.introduction by Professor J. E. Mclntyre. "The Analysis of Formaldehyde-amide Finishes on Fabrics," by E. V. Truter and K. Oza. "The Identification of Finishes on Textiles," by J. M. Bather. "Electrophoresis of Wool High-sulphur Proteins," by P. T. Speakman and Trudi J. Sherrard. SAC 80 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Application forms and an outline of the programme for the above conference are now available. There are specially reduced registration fees for Student Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry and for Fellows of the Chemical Society who have retired from full-time employment.Application forms and other details can be obtained from The Secretary, Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, WIV OBN. Anal. Proc. "The Analysis of Moth-proofing Agents in Wool and Wool-treatment Liquors," -by T. Shaw and D. J. Westmoreland. "Laser Microprobes and Textile Analysis," by G. D. Oailvie. "Fibres in Forensic Science," by P. G. W. Cobb. Department of Textile Industries, The University, Leeds. Registration is necessary. Cost f 2 to CS members and f 3 to non-members. Closing date April 2nd. Contact; Mr. C. L. Denton, Central Laboratories, Tioxide International, Portrack Lane, Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland.(Tel. 0642-63571 ). Wednesday, 23rd, 2 p.m. : Birmingham Midlands ~~~i~~ and Education and Training Group. I Newer Techniques of Introductory remarks by Dr. D. N. Raine. "Novel Uses of Fourier Transform NMR," by Mary L. Trimble. "Analytical Aspects of Gas Phase Auger Electron Spectrometry," by J. F. Tyson. "Analysis by Thin Films," by Mrs. E. A. Gloag. "Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence Methods," by A. Townshend and J. N. Miller (each to speak for 20 minutes). Chemistry Department, The University, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Contact: Dr. J. F. Tyson, Department of Chemistry, University of Tech- nology, Loughboroug h, Leicestershire, LEI1 3TU. ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY March, 1980 Analytical Division Diary, continued Tuesday and Wednesday, 1st and Znd, 12 noon : Canterbury Analytical Division.Silver Medal Lecture and Research and Development Topics in Analyti- cal Chemistry. The Silver Medal is awarded to promising younger workers in any field covered by the principles, teaching and practice of the analytical sciences. The Research Topics meeting is held annually to give younger research workers an opportunity to present their work in public, often for the first time. Details of the papers to be presented can be found on p. 89 of this issue. Eliot College, University of Kent a t Can terbu ry. Registration is not necessary unless meals and accommodation are required. Closing date March 10th.Contact: Miss P. E. Hutchinson, Analyti- cal Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN. (Tel. 01 -734-9971 ). Tuesday, 8th, 10.30 a.m. : London Chromatography and Electrophoresis Group. Doping in Sport "Doping in Sport and Some Methods for its Control," by Professor A. H. Beckett. "Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Sport," by D. A. Cowan. "Radioimmunoassay in the Detection of Steroid Doping," by Professor R. V. Brooks. "Horse Doping: History, Control and Trends," by M. S. Moss. "Combined HPLC - lmmunoassay for Drugs and Metabolites in Biological Fluids," by A. C. Moffat. Chelsea College, University of London, Manresa Road, London, SW3 6U. Registration is necessary. Cost fl0 to CS members and f 15 to non-members.Closing date April 1 st. Contact: Dr. D. Simpson, Analysis For Industry, Factories 2/3, Bosworth House, High Street, Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, CO16 OEA. (Tel. 025-584- Wednesday, 16th, 10 a.m.: Salford North West Region. Recent Developments in the Theory W1 V OBN. (Tel. 01 -734-9971). and Practice of Water Analysis. Welcome to the University by Professor L. S. Bark. Chairman's introduction. "The Development of the Standardisation of the Methods of Water Analysis," by P. Morries. "Controlling the Accuracy of Analytical Results," by A. L. Wilson. "On-line Monitoring and Automatic Control in the Water Industry," by R. Briggs. "Use of Ion Chromatography in the Determina- tion of Trace Levels of Ions in Aqueous Solution," by J.D. Tyldesley. 771 4). 101 Wednesday to Friday, 9th to 11th: Durham Chemical Society Annual Congress: AD Symposium. Modern Techniques for Surface Characterisation. Wednesday, 9th- Opening Review Lecture by J. M. Thomas. "Interfacial M icrochemistry in Metallurgy," by E. D. Hondros. Thursday, 10th- "Low Energy Ion Scattering as a Tool for Surface Structure and Composition Analysis," by D. G. Armour. "High Energy Ion Scattering," by D. W. Palmer. "The Surface Characterisation of Cold-rolled Steel Sheets," by V. Leroy. "Rutherford Backscattering and Auger Analyses of Electroplated Surfaces," by J. P. G. Farr. Theophilus Redwood Lecture: "Aspects of Thermal Analysis," by Professor L.S. Bark. "Some Applications of ESCA to Industrial Problems," by R. Holm. Friday, 1 1 th- "Electron Probe and Electron Microscopy in the Analysis of Surfaces," by P. Echlin. "Glow Discharge Methods for Surface Analysis," by R. Berneron. The University, Durham. Registration is necessary. Cost f23 to CS members, f46 to non-members, f5.75 to students and f6.90 to retired persons. Contact; Dr. J. F. Gibson, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, [continued on p. 100 MARCH Wednesday, 19th, 9.10 a.m.: Edinburgh Scottish, North East and North West Regions with the Special Techniques and Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Groups. Derivative Spectroscopy and its Applications in Analysis. "Derivative Spectroscopy: Theoretical Aspects," by Professor T.C. O'Haver. "Derivative Spectroscopy in the Laboratory: Advantages and Trading Rules," by B. P. Chadburn. "Numerical Methods for Generating Derivative Spectra," by P. Gans. "A Square-wave Wavelength Modulation System for Use in Atomic Spectrometry," by J. Sneddon. Plenary Lecture: "Ultraviolet - Visible and Infra- red Applications of Derivative Spectroscopy," by A. F. Fell. "Derivative Methods in Luminescence Spectros- copy," by J. N. Miller. "Extending the Applications of Derivative Spectrophotometry," by C. T. Cottrell. Closing commentary by Professor T. C. O'Haver. Mountbatten Conference Theatre, Heriot- Watt University, Edinburgh. Registration is necessary. Cost f16 to members, f 2 0 to non-members and f6 to students (inclusive of book of abstracts, lunch and refreshments).Contact: Mr. A. F. Fell, Department of Pharmacy, Heriot-Watt University, 79 Grassmarket, Edinburgh, EHI 2HJ. (Tel. 031 -225-8432, Ex. 225). Thursday, 20th, 6 p.m.: Birmingham Midlands Region. A Trial: Universities are Charged with Denigrating the Profession of Analytical Division Diary Seventh Annual Reports on Ana- lytical Atomic Spectroscopy Sym- posium. The theme of the meeting is the preparation of sample solutions for atomic spectroscopy. "Atomisation of Suspensions in the Flame for Direct Analysis of Powdered Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy," by J. Stu pa r. "The Use of Perchloric Acid in Sample Prepara- tion," by R.Rooney. "Removal of Organic Matrices with the Low Temperature Oxygen Plasma," by M. D. Sylvester and K. B. Cross. "Trace Metal Analysis of Some Forensic Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy," by A. J. Samuel. "Dissolution of Steel Samples," by P. Gale. "Ion Exchange Separation of Plasma Protein Fractions Prior to AA Measurement of Copper and Zinc," by J. B. Dawson. "Coincidence ;Tables for ICP - AES-A New Approach to an Old Emission Problem," by P. W. J. M. Boumans. Halifax Hall, The University, Endcliffe Vale Road, Sheffield, SIO. Registration is necessary. Cost f8 to members and f 10 to non-members. Contact; Mr. R. W. Scattergood, 7 Grange Crescent, Sheffield, S11 8AY. (Tel. 0742-449261, EX. 327). [continued inside back cover Printed by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge England Friday, Zlst, 5 p.m.: Exeter Peninsula Section of CS. Western Region, jointly with the "Flow Injection Techniques," by D. Betteridge. Chemistry Department, The University, Exeter. Contact; Mr. J. G. Jones, Wessex Water Authority, The Ambury, P.O. Box 95, Bath, BAI 2YP. (Tel. 0225-31 3500). Thursday, 27th, 10.30 a.m. : Sheffield Atomic Spectroscopy Group, jointly with the Board of the Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy and the Modern Methods of Analysis Group of the Sheffield Metallurgical and Engineering Association. Analytical Chemistry. Those taking part will include: Professor L. S. Bark, Professor R. Belcher, Dr. H. Heaney, Professor R. F. Phillips and Professor J. C. Robb. The meeting will start with a sherry reception for which registration is necessary. Contact; Dr. A. Townshend, Haworth Building, Department of Chemistry, The University, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham, B15 2lT. (TeI. 021 -472- 1301, Ex. 2373).

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP98017BX013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Vol. 17 No. 3 March 1980 Analytical Proceedings Proceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society Society for Analytical Chemistry Gold Medal As announced in the February issue of Analytical Proceedings (p. 40), the fifteenth Society for Analytical Chemistry Gold Medal has been awarded to Dr. R. C. Mackenzie. Born near Portmahomack, Ross and Cromarty, on 7th May, 1920, the son of a farmer, Robert Mackenzie was educated at the local primary school before transferring, apparently “with an aptitude for languages,” to Tain Royal Academy for secondary education. There, the stimulat- ing influence of a mathematical rector and a somewhat irascible science master turned his attention to these subjects, but not, be it added, to the entire disregard of other disciplines. In 1938 he commenced an honours course in chem- istry a t Edinburgh University, studying, in the first two years, chemistry, physics and mathe- matics. Considering a degree based solely on these subjects too narrow to fulfil the proper function of a university, he included geology in his third year and found the subject so absorbing that he almost transferred his loyalties.In the same year, however, to his amazement, he won the Vans Dunlop Scholarship in Chemistry, usually a fourth year prerogative. Graduating with first class honours in chemistry (with a high bias towards physical chemistry) in 1942, he also gained a Carnegie Research Fellowship and received an appointment as a soil surveyor at the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, the then Director of which, Dr.W. G. (later Sir William) Ogg, insisted that he stay a t Edinburgh to complete PhD studies on gas-phase reaction kinetics before taking up the Aberdeen post in 1944. Soil survey being necessarily a seasonal occupation, some five months of the year were available for laboratory studies, and the first two such periods brought Dr. Mackenzie into contact with his two subsequent main interests, clay mineralo-7 and thermal analysis. His first task was to assist Dr. D. M. C. MacEwan, then developing his pre-treatmcnts for X-ray identification of clay minerals, by determining the amounts of water and ethylene glycol sorbed on clays using the Karl Fischer reagent, the revolting smell of which in overcrowded surroundings caused him to be banished to a room in the Chemistry Department of Aberdeen University for most of the winter.A t about this time, Dr. A. Muir, then head of the Depart- ment of Soil Survey, drew his attention to differential thermal analysis (DTA) as a possible supplement to X-ray diffraction. Although general interest in DTA was then in decline, as the method did not live up to earlier exaggerated claims, certain attributes of the technique were attractive and a simple apparatus (constructed for less than #JS) showed that, properly used, DTA could yield information on clay and accessory minerals not obtainable by any other technique. DTA and ancillary studies on clay and accessory minerals developed so rapidly that in 1948 field work was dropped and an independ- ent section of Physico-chemical Investigations was established. The next decade was particularly satisfying and fruitful, since DTA, analytical and colloid 69AnaL.Proc. 70 AD DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD chemical studies were all proceeding apace, thanks to a young and enthusiastic staff. In the fifties two new DTA instruments were con- structed, the second providing atmosphere con- trol so that B. D. Mitchell, who had joined the section earlier, could extend investigations to soil organic matter. These exercises in con- struction caused much attention to be paid to all factors that affect the final curve and to other potential uses of the technique. Moreover, by this time others had started to reassess DTA and, as the Macaulay was now an established user, many invitations were received to lecture a t home and abroad.Such travels led to many useful contacts, much collaborative work and a constant refreshing stream of visiting research workers from all over the world. In 1957 he edited the first book in English on DTA and was awarded a DSc degree by Edinburgh University for contributions to clay mineralogy. In 1959 Dr. Mackenzie was appointed head of the newly formed Department of Pedoloyy, which included his old section with Bruce Mitchell in charge. This led to a very much wider range of interests (for which his soil survey training was invaluable) and to more admin- istration but he has contrived to maintain close contact with his own personal interests, more recently extended, through Visiting Professor- ships at the Universities of Cairo and Riyadh, to include arid and saline soils. In 1961 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh and was awarded a Sixth Centenary Medal of the Charles University, Prague, for his work on clay mineralogy; in 1968 he received the first Mettler Award in thermal analysis.In the early 1960s interest in thermal analysis was such that the formation of a society was proposed, The inter-disciplinal nature of the subject logically indicated an independent group, but the blandishments of David Wilson were such that a Group was duly constituted within the SAC in 1965. Dr. Mackenzie was the first chairman of this Group, now the Thermal Methods Group of the Analytical Division of the CS, and seems fated to be regiilarly co-opted to the Committee. This, in fact, gives him great pleasure.He has also been much involved with the Clay Minerals Group of the Mineralogical Society, having a t various times been Chairman, Secretary and Editor of that body, as well as having served on Council of the parent Society. A confirmed internationalist, he was respon- sible along with Dr. J . P. Redfern and a small international committee, which never actually met before the conference, for organising the first International Conference on Thermal Ana- lysis in Aberdeen in 1965. Although he now shudders to think that the conference was organised on his personally guaranteed over- draft, Dr. Redfern and he take pride in the fact that its success led to the formation of the International Confederation for Thermal PLnaly- sis in 1965. He has been Treasurer of that body since its inception and is also Chairman of its Nomenclature Committee. Closely associated with the Association lnternationale pour 1’Etude des Argiles, he served for many years on Council, was for eight years Chairman of its Nomen- clature Committee and is currently President. Married with two grown-up children, Dr. Mackenzie confesses to a great love of travel, which, through many invitations, he has fortunately been able to satisfy. Other interests include motoring (particularly behind the wheel of a fast car), equestrian sport (but not as a competitor) and historical research on his scientific interests He considers i t a great honour to receivethis 15th SAC Gold Medal in the wake of two Directors of the Macaulay, Drs. Mitchell and West, and regards it as a tribute to the Thermal Methods Group and to his many collaborators as much as to himself.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700069

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

70 AD DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD AnaL. Proc. Analytical Division Distinguished Service Award As announced in the February issue of Analytical Proceedings (p. 40), the fifth Analytical Division Distinguished Service Award has been conferred on Dr. D. I. Coomber. Denys Coomber was born in Monmouth, before i t migrated to Wales, and was educated there and a t Queen Mary College, Vnivrrsity of London. He joined the Laboratory of the Government Chemist in 1938, just after Munich. From 1940 until 1946 he served in the Army as a War Department Food Analyst, mainly in the Middle East. After being demobbed he re- turned to the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, where he worked in the Water Section a t a time when i t was involved in the problems arising from the use of synthetic detergents and of the projected fluoridation of water supplies.In 1954 he was put in charge of the Drugs Section and served on several British Pharma- copoeia and British Pharmaceutical CodexMarch, 1980 1979 RANK HILGER SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE 71 committees and on the Home Office Poisons Board. Then in 1959 he was transferred to the section of the Laboratory dealing with toxic gases in industrial atmospheres, and 2 years later became Superintendant of the newly formed Radiochemical Division. On sub- sequent re-grouping this Division was joined by the Water Section and the Technical Services (“Workshops”) section. In 1974 he retired but was re-employed part-time for 2 years in a section dealing with Standardisation and Reference Materials. Dr. D. I. Coomber’ Dr. Coomber became a member of the SAC in 1953.He was the first Secretary and Treasurer of the Radiochemical Methods Group, formed in 1965 under the chairmanship of David Lambie. He followed Mr. W. H. C. Shaw as Honorary Assistant Secretary (Programmes) when Mr. Shaw became Honorary Secretary of the Society in 1968. He was joint organising Secretary of the second Anglo - Dutch Symposium in London in 1970 and Secretary of the Programmes Sub- committees for SAC 77 and SA4C 80. He has been convener of many of the Divisional Svmposia held a t CS/RIC A4nnual Congresses and Chemical Society Autumn Meetings since amalgamation. He has served on Council since 1968 and has been on several Council committees, including the A naZyst Publications Committee and the AMC. Since retirement Dr.Coomber is catching up on 40 years’ reading and is painfully cniployed in persuading bees to produce honey surplus to their requirements. 1979 Rank Hilger Spectro- scopy Prize The 1979 Rank Hilger Spectroscopy Prize has been awarded to Allan James Samuel. Dr. Samuel studied a t Imperial College, London, and obtained his BSc degree in 1972 and PhD in 1976. He studied under Prof. T. S. West and Dr. J. F. Alder for his PhD, developing a multi- element atomic-absorption spectrometer for the analysis of forensic samples and investigating carbon furnace atomic-emission spectroscopy. Dr. A . J . Samuel After working for EDT Research on electro- chemistry and microwave plasma spectroscopy, Dr. Samuel joined Shell Research Ltd. in 1976. He is currently working in the Analytical Chemistry Division a t the Shell Biosciences Laboratory, Sittingbourne, Kent. As part of his prize he chose the book “The Electrical Breakdown of Gases” by Meek and Craggs.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700070

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

72 REPORTS OF MEETINGS Anal. Proc, New British Standard BS 2586 : Glass and Reference Electrodes for the Measurement of pH. The Price of this Standard is itj5.50. Copies of all British Standards can be obtained from BSI Sales Department, 101 Pentonville Road, London, N1 9ND.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP980170072b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

March, 1980 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 73 Some Historical Landmarks in Analytical Chemistry The following are summaries of four of the papers presented a t a Meeting of the Analytical Division, in conjunction with the Thermal Methods Group and the Historical Group of the CS, held on October 24th, 1979, at the Scientific Societies Lecture Theatre, Savile Row, London. Early Titrimetric Analysis W. I. Stephen Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham, B15 2TT Anyone researching the early history of titrimetric analysis can do no better than apprise him- self of the contents of Professor E. Ranke-Madsen’s monograph,l and this lecture is by way of a summary of this most interesting work. Each of us is familiar with the term “titrimetry” and recognise it to describe that analytical process in which the component being sought is determined by its capacity to take part in a chemical process.Thus, a titration is the determination of the reactive capacity, usually of a solution. In pre-Daltonian times, there was no basis of atomic theory upon which the titri- metric principle might evolve. Nevertheleless, this did not prevent the thought arising that a particular amount of substance A would always react with a given amount of substance B, a sort of principle of equivalence which was accepted as a fact of nature and need not be justified on theoretical grounds. Robert Boyle in 1663 was the first to apply the titrimetric principle for analytical purposes.2 Although no real analytical procedure was elaborated, the idea was mooted that the concentra- tion of an acid might be established by adding it to a solution of a colour indicator until the colour changed.This laid the foundation for all subsequent developments in the use of coloured natural substances as chemical indicators, substances which were in fact to remain the only suitable indicators until the introduction of synthetic organic compounds for this use in 1878.3 Despite Boyle’s work, it was not until 1729 that C. J. Ge~ffroy,~ in a paper submitted to the French Academy, described a method for the determination of the concentration of vinegar, which undoubtedly was titrimetric. Solid “Sel de Tartre” (potassium carbonate) was added to the vinegar until effervescence ceased. The amount of “titrant” consumed was determined gravimetrically and the “end-point” by the cessation of gas evolution.Its author, Francis Home, a Scottish physician, was a scientist of some ability, for the book contains, amongst many other things, two distinct titrimetric methods. The book achieved consider- able popularity, French and German editions appearing in 1762 and 1777, mainly for its dis- cussion on bleaching, and the analytical methods were probably not appreciated by contempor- ary readers. Home’s acidimetric method dealt with the determination of alkali in plant ashes; in Experi- ment 13, he says “in order to discover what effect acids would have on these ashes and what quantity of the former the latter would destroy; from which I might be able to form some judge- ment of the quantity and strength of the salt they contained, I took a drachm of blue pearl ashes, and poured on it a mixture of 1 part spirit of nitre and six parts water; which I shall always afterwards use, and call the acid mixture.An effervescence arose, and before it was finished, 12 teaspoonsful of the acid were required. The effervescence with each teaspoonful of the acid mixture was violent, but did not last long.” Obviously this is a description of an acidimetric titration of carbonate in which the determination of the amount of titrant is volu- metric, albeit in a teaspoon, and the end-point indication once again the cessation of efferves- cence. Nevertheless, the volumes added throughout the titration were constant and Home did make use of half-teaspoon amounts of his titrant.Although familiar with Boyle’s syrup of violets, he made no use of it as an indicator. Home’s second method dealt with the determination of water hardness by titration with sodium carbonate where the end-point was given by the clear-point, or cessation of precipita- Then, in 1756, a small book on the processes of bleaching was publi~hed.~74 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Anal. Proc. tion. This is the first example of a precipitation titration, but how the amount of titrant was measured is not clear from the description. These methods were comparative only, although the absolute amounts of chemicals required to soften hard water were based on the results. The Englishman Dr. William Lewis published a short treatise on American potash in 1767.6 Lewis first obtained an aqueous extract of the potash seDarated from earthy impurities by filtration (which as he observed might also consume acid during the subsequent analysis), then he says “the quantity of acid necessary for saturation of the lye should be determined not by drops or teasnoonsful, but by weight; and the point of saturation not by the ceasing of effervescence, which is extremely difficult, if not impracticable to hit with tolerable exactness, but by some effect less ambiguous and more strongly marked, such as the change in colour produced in certain vegetable juices, or on paper obtained with them.The finer sort of purplish blue paper used for wrapping sugar in, answers sufficiently well for this purpose.” In rejecting volumetric measurement, Lewis introduced a “weight burette” in the form of a vial holding about 4 oz of water, which was hooked to one of the arms of a balance.Spirits of salt diluted 10-12-fold with water was used as titrant and was first standardised against pure potassium carbonate. Titration was effected by adding the acid gradually to the carbonate solution until the effervescence was greatly reduced; then the acid was added dropwise, and the solution was examined with the indicator paper. The sample was then titrated as in the standardisation. An Englishman was thus the first person to describe, on a gravimetric basis, all the essential features of an acidimetric titration, introducing for the first time the use of colour indicators, and endeavouring to find the absolute amount of the substance under examination by the use of a standard solution.These three important developments are generally accepted by historians to have emerged first in the early years of the 19th century through the work of Lampadius7 (1801) and UreS (1818). The analytical descriptions in Lewis’ treatise were not well understood bv his contemporaries, for his work left no mark on the develoDment of titrimetric analysis. The original features of Lewis’ work had later to be discovered anew and indeDendently by others. During the years 1782-84, the Dijon chemist Louis Bernard Guyton de blorveau published three articles dealing with titrimetric method~.~ In these, more use was made of the colour indicators litmus, curcuma and brazilin.All of de Morveau’s methods involved precipitation processes. He attempted to determine calcium and lead salts in aqueous solution by titration with potassium carbonate. Chloride was determined using a solution of lead nitrate, indica- tion of a clear point marking the end of the titration. Here, de Morveau narrowly missed be- coming the father of argentimetry. He mentioned the possibility of using silver nitrate, but preferred the lead salt on the grounds of economy. By a reversal of his carbonate titration, he determined carbon dioxide in water using lime-water as titrant. Here, for the first time, the determination of the amount of titrant was volumetric and a rough form of “burette”was described, if by the term “burette” we can consider any sort of graduated measuring instru- ment used in volumetric titrimetry. De Morveau in fact called his instrument a “gasometre” and it was a crude form of what today would be termed a “measuring cylinder.” Following de Morveau, during 1778-87, increasing use was made of alkalimetry as an analyti- cal method. Lavoisier used it in purely scientific investigations (1778) and during 1781-83 the Irish chemist Richard Kirwan published detailed articles on the “attractive powers of various saline substances” in which titrations and titrimetric syntheses were made.In 1784, James Wattlo made use of alkalimetry and endeavoured to extend the range of acid - base indicators. He was not satisfied with litmus when used to indicate the saturation point of distillates of nitric acid containing some nitrogen dioxide (“phlogisticated nitrous acid”).Instead, he used slips of paper stained with the juice of the petals of the scarlet rose, which he says “was the nicest test” he could procure. Watt also recommended a decoction of the blue iris and, for lack of flowers in winter, an extract of red cabbage. During this period (1783-88), Henry Cavendish published articles on the determination of nitric and sulphuric acid mixtures arising from purely scientific investigations, but in which the principles of titrimetry were clearly expressed. The first titrimetric determination of iron appeared in 1784 when Kirwanll described a pro- cedure in which the iron solution was titrated to a clear-point with a solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate( 11) standardised against a solution of pure iron in acid.O W - the next 20 years there was only one important contribution to titrimetry.fifarck, 1980 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 75 Perhaps the most interesting period in the history of titrimetry now followed. The impetus for this was given by an industrial process for which the economics of the time demanded a sure and rapid method of analysis-Berthollet’s bleaching with “dephlogisticated muriatic acid” (chlorine) discovered by Scheele in 1774 and advanced by Berthollet in 1785 as an im- provement in the art of bleaching. One of the first to work with Berthollet’s process was a Rouen pharmacist, Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles, who in 1787 or 1788 worked out a titrimetric method in which a solution of indigo was used to establish the strength of the bleaching solution.When published in Berth- ollet’s article in 1789,12 the method was the reverse of that subsequently described and it is probable that Berthollet may have failed to understand it. However, in 1795, Des~roizillesl~ gave a full description of the necessary apparatus and procedure, and introduced the “berthol- 1imeter”-a combined burette and reaction vessel-which he had designed for the purpose. Apart from the determination of chlorine water, Descroizilles described the determination of different sorts of indigo and extended the method to compare different grades of manganese dioxide The last decade of the 18th century saw the consolidation of the methods of acidimetry and alkalimetry, the methods appearing in several text-books.The use of colour indicators gained a greater foothold, although their use was not by any means universal. Volumetric measurement emerged , principally because of the convenience it introduced into applied analy- sis, and titrimetry rather than gravimetry became the preferred technique for technical analysis. The first decade of the 19th century was an important period in the further development of titrimetry. Les Administrateurs-G6n&aux des Poudres et Salpktres published in 180214 certain observations on the testing of potash. Several times in this particular paper the word “titre” is used, not to describe the concentration of the titrant, but to indicate the quality of the potash. This is the first mention of the word in titrimetry and it appears to be purely a French word (being lost completely in the English and German translations of the paper).This method was probably developed by a man called Riffault who, later, in 1811, in a treatise on the manufacture of gunpowder, described the titrimetric method ~omplete1y.l~ In 1806, Descroizilles16 published his “Notices sur les Alkalis du Commerce,” undoubtedly one of the most significant papers in the history of titrimetry. In it he described a measuring instrument called an “alcalimetre.” This was a glass tube 20-25 cm long and 14-16 mm in diameter, closed at one end and drawn out into a short neck at the open end; the rim had a small lip on it for pouring and the shoulder, just below the neck, had a small hole allowing air to pass in and out of the tube.It was calibrated to hold 76 half-grams of test acid and was used as a burette to compare the quality of different grades of potash, or as a “berthollimeter” to assay bleaching solutions. In the Fourth Edition of “Notices sur l’Alcalimetre,” published posthumously (Paris, 1830 ; Descroizilles died in 1825), Descroizilles’ burette emerged not with two, but with no less than four scales corresponding to the use of this “polymetre chimique” as an alkalimeter, a berthol- limeter, an acetimeter and finally a millititrimeter or simple measuring cylinder. The importance of Descroizilles’ work to the further development of titrimetry cannot be over-emphasised. It resulted in the introduction in a practical sense of volumetric analysis; by making one instrument serve more than one purpose, Descroizilles took the first step to- wards assembling a number of different analytical methods (which at the time did not appear to have anything in common) into one distinct analytical category, which subsequently gave rise to titrimetry as a natural division of quantitative analysis.Although Descroizilles has no claim to be the originator of the principles of titrimetry, his ability to apply these principles in a truly practical way has justly earned him the title “Inventor of Volumetric Analysis.”17 The impetus which the work of Descroizilles gave to the further development of titrimetrk analysis is reflected in the rapid growth of the subject during the 50 or so years following the publication of his “Notices sur les Alkalis du Commerce” in 1806.16 The essential principles of titrimetry had thus been established and it remained for others to exploit these to the fullest advantage commensurate with the scientific knowledge of the time.References 1. 2. Ranke-Madsen, E., “The Development of Titrimetric Analysis till 1806,” Gad, Copenhagen, 1958. Boyle, R., “The Experimental History of Colours,” London, 1663.76 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Anal. Proc. SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Stephen, W. I., Analyst, 1977, 102, 793. Geoffroy, C. J., Me’m. Acad. Roy. Sci. Paris, 1729, 68. Home, F., “Experiments on Bleaching,” Edinburgh, 1756. Lewis, W., “Experiments and Observations on American Potashes,” London, 1767 ; see also Stephen, W.I., Proc. Anal. Div. Chem. Soc., 1979, 16, 91. Lampadius, W. A., “Handbuch zur Chemischen Analyse der Mineralkorper,” Freyberg, 1801. Ure, A., “Dictionary of Arts, Manufacture and Mines,” First Supplement, London, 1818. de Morveau, L. B. G., Nouv. Me‘m. Acad. Dzjon, 1782, 11, 1 ; 1782, 11, 16; 1784, I, 85. Watt, J., Philos. Trans. R. SOC. London, 1784, 74, 329. Kirwan, R., Crell’s Chem. Ann., 1784, I, 250. Berthollet, C. L., Ann. Chim., 1789, 2, 151. Descroizilles, F. A. H., J . Arts Man., 1795, 1, 256. Les Administrateurs-Gf2nf2raux de Poudres et Salpetres, Ann. Chim., 1802, 41, 113. Bott6e and Riffault, “Trait6 de 1’Art de Fabrique la Poudre ii Canon,” Paris, 1811. Descroizilles, F. A. H., Ann. Chim., 1806, 60, 17. Duval, C., J . Chem. Educ., 1951, 28, 508.The Early History of the Chemical Detection of Poisons W. A. Campbell Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU At the trial in 1616 of those accused of poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower of London, the Lord Chief Justice warned the jury not to expect proof of the identity of the poisons used; these were believed to be arsenic in several forms and mercury.l Chemical evidence was first applied in a poisoning trial in 1752, when Mary Blandy was charged with murdering her father by means of a white powder alleged to be arsenic. Dr. Anthony Addington made comparison tests on the suspected food and food deliberately mixed with arsenic. During the second half of the 18th century, four tests for arsenic emerged: garlic odour with red-hot charcoal; yellow precipitate of silver arsenite ; yellow precipitate of arsenic sulphide; and green precipitate of copper arsenite (Scheele’s green).In 1836, James Marsh published his test for arsenic (reduction to arsine using zinc - sulphuric acid and subsequent pyrolysis to elemental arsenic).2 This did not depend on the chemical state of the arsenic, but its sensitivity led to problems with trace arsenic in the zinc and (from 1839) in the sulphuric acid. In contrast, Hugo Reinsch’s test of 1841 (deposition of arsenic on copper foil from hydro- chloric acid solution) was profoundly influenced by oxidants. This led to the humiliation of A. S. Taylor, the toxicologist, at the Smethurst trial in 1859; arsenic had been administered in a cough medicine containing chlorate, which defeated the test.3 The universal applicability of Marsh’s test raised false hopes that chemistry might provide unequivocal tests for all poisons.By 1836 about 20 alkaloids had been isolated, including strychnine, morphine and the atropine group. The first inroad into alkaloid chemistry was made by Gerhardt in 1842, when he obtained quinoline by destructive distillation of cinchonine over caustic potash; it was shown by Hofmann that this base was identical with that found by Runge in coal tar and by Anderson in bone oil. Now coal tar chemistry was available for investigating alkaloids. Platinum and gold chlorides had been used in molecular weight determinations on the heterocyclic bases. Meanwhile , Stas had perfected his method for separating alkaloids from fatty matter4 ; this, coupled with Orfila’s work on the concentration of poisons in various organs and tissues, improved the prospects of isolating an alkaloid from food, stomach contents or an exhumed corpse.Once isolated, the alkaloid had to be identified. To this end colour tests were devised, usually involving concentrated acids and salts of the transition metal^.^ The tests were sensitive, but strict purification was necessary in order to avoid interferences. None of the chemical tests were truly specific, and they were usually combined with physiological tests such as Marshall Hall’s test for strychnine or the mydriatic test for the atropine group. When William Palmer, the Rugeley poisoner, was tried in 1856 there was good circum- stantial evidence that strychnine was the poison.Professor Taylor was unable to detect it, Only the first was independent of chemical environment. They now became general precipitating agents for alkaloids.March, 1980 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 77 however, almost certainly because of inadequate separation methods. In one test, acidified dichromate turned green, suggesting that the alcohol used in the extraction had not been removed.6 As late as 1882, at the trial of Dr. Lamson on a charge of poisoning his brother-in- law with aconitine, the only evidence for the identity of the alkaloid was the numbing effect on the tongue. Given sufficient material, nitrogen determination by the method of Will and Varrentrap (a precursor of Kjeldahl’s method) afforded a useful guide.7 With a smaller sample, Wanklyn’s ammonia method (boiling with permanganate solution and testing the distillate with Nessler’s reagent) might be used.Mixed melting-points, using a known sample of an alkaloid or perhaps its picrate, stem from Gottlieb’s work on acids in 1846,8 but melting-point tables in book form are a product of the 1900s. In 1856, Taylor said he could provide a list of poisons that would infallibly kill without leaving in the body any physical or chemical trace, but he forebore to do so lest it placed dangerous knowledge in the wrong hands.9 Fifty years later A. Wynter Blyth wrote, “If poison is the very last form of death feared by eminent political persons, it is not so much owing to a different state of society as to .. . an ever advancing chemistry which is able, in many instances, to separate and detect the hurtful thing, although hid for months deep in the ground.”1° 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. References Cobbett’s State Trials, Volume 2, R. Bagshaw, London, 1809, p. 911. Marsh, J., Edinburgh Phil. J., 1836, 21, 229. Herapath, W., Lancet, 1859, ii, 248. Stas, J. S., J . Pharm., Anvers, 1852, 22, 281. Otto, F. J., Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1846, 60, 273. Taylor, A. S., Guy’s Hosp. Rep., 1856, 3rd Ser., 2, 219. Will, H., and Varrentrap, F., Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1841, 39, 257. Gottlieb, J., Justus Liebigs Ann. Chew., 1846, 57, 33. Taylor, A. S., Guy’s Hosp. Rep., 1856, 3rd Ser., 2, 317. Blyth, A. W., and Blyth, M. W., “Poisons: Their Effects and Detection,” Fourth Edition, C.Griffin, London, 1906, p. 13. Thermogravimetry and the French Connection C. J. Keattch Industrial and Laboratory Services, P.O. Box 9, Lyme Regis, Dorset Thermogravimetry is defined as “a technique whereby the weight of a substance, in an environment heated or cooled at a controlled rate, is recorded as a function of time or temperature .” The French Connection with thermogravimetry commenced in 1912 when Georges Urbainl commented on the shortcomings of using an ordinary analytical balance for studying materials decomposing at a perceptible rate with the evolution of gases. He modified an ordinary analytical balance in the following manner. The weights were replaced by a magnetised needle, suspended vertically from one end of the balance beam into a solenoid.The balance pan on the opposite end of the beam was replaced by a wire, which subtended a crucible in the centre of an electric furnace, the temperature of which could be regulated and measured with the aid of a thermocouple. In addition, the balance case was made sufficiently robust and air-tight to support a vacuum. Finally, reagents that were capable of absorbing the evolved gases were placed in the balance case. Urbain had, thus, constructed the first therrno balance and he used this apparatus in order to establish laws governing the efflorescence of hydrates. Regrettably, this was the only use to which he ever put his therrnobalance. He never used the full potential of this apparatus because, although it was capable of being operated under a varying temperature r&gime, all his experiments were carried out isothermally. In addition, he never used the facility for absorbing evolved gases and never operated the equipment in a vacuum.Anal.Proc. The reason why Urbain’s interest waned so rapidly can be found in a statement by Duval, who says2. . . . “I saw his (Urbain’s) apparatus in 1922 when I began to work in Urbain’s laboratory. The trials, apparently, were not encouraging because Urbain said to me one day, when I told him that I wished to use his apparatus, ‘the results depend too much on heating conditions’.” Although this was the first thermobalance ever produced, neither a diagram was made nor a photograph taken of this historic apparatus and its final fate was sealed during World War I1 when the laboratory in which it was housed was ransacked by the Occupying Forces.It was not until 1923 that the next link in the French Connection was forged, when Marcel Guichard reported briefly on a “kinematic method” for determining the states of hydration of various compounds. He described the technique as being based on the determination of weight changes as a function of temperature; not only of constant temperature, but (and this is the vitally important point) of a regularly increasing temperat~re.~ Two years later, Guichard published two further papers4s5 in which, for the first time, formalised weight loss curves were presented and explained. These curves were of (a), a compound forming definite hydrates, and (b), a compound forming no definite hydrates.Examples of these two types of curves were then given, viz., (a) disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, and (b) hydrated aluminium oxide. The apparatus used by Guichard was also described in detail and although, by present-day standards, it was rather crude, this was the first equipment that could truly be called a “working thermobalance.” Guichard also studied, in some depth, the effect on the shape of the thermogravimetric curves of procedural variables, such as heating rate, particle size, crucible geometry and rate of gas flow.6 He also made the interesting comment that in order to interpret fully a thermogravimetric curve, it is necessary to discover at what temperatures changes of state occur. This implies the use of differential thermal analysis (DTA), and although Guichard never personally used this technique, this comment almost certainly arose from the fact that Guichard was working in the same laboratory as Le Chatelier who, at that time, was establishing DTA as a further thermoanalytical technique. Guichard also used thermogravimetry to establish the drying and/or ignition temperatures of gravimetric precipitates,’ a subject taken up some years later and studied in great depth by D u d .* The foundations of thermogravimetry thus laid by Guichard were subsequently built on by several workers. Outstanding among thess was one of Guichard’s students, Pierre Vallet. Not only did he modify Guichard’s apparatus several times, 9-12 but he also produced one of the first classical papers on thermogra~imetry.~~ In this paper, the effect of procedural variables was studied in great depth and the results obtained bear a remarkable similarity to those produced some years later by workers with the benefit of much more sophisticated apparatus.In addition, it is not widely appreciated that he also set out quite clearly the theory covering the kinetics of decomposition and the concept of activation energy, as applied to rising temperature experiments, as early as 1937.13 If Georges Urbain, Marcel Guichard and Pierre Vallet had not forged these links in the French Connection with thermogravimetry, it is interesting to conjecture for how long the technique might have remained dormant before its full potential became realised. That, however, is the subject of another paper! 78 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. References Urbain, G., C.R. Acad. Sci., 1912, 154, 347. Duval, C., “Inorganic Thermogravimetric Analysis,” Second Edition, Elsevier, London, 1963, p. 4. Guichard, M., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 1923, 33, 258. Guichard, M., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 1925, 37, 62. Guichard, M., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 1925, 37, 251. Guichard, M., C.R. Acad. Sci., 1934, 199, 138. Guichard, M., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 1938, 5, 675. Duval, C., Vallet, P., Diplome d’Etudes Superieures, 1928. Vallet, P., C . R . Acad. Sci., 1934, 198, 1860. Vallet, P., Bull. SOC. Fr.. 1936, 3, 103. Vallet, P., Thesis, Paris, 1936. Vallet, P., Ann. Chim., 1937, 7, 298. Inorganic Thermogravimetric Analysis,” Second Edition, Elsevier, London, 1963.March, 1980 Evolution of the “Boy that Kepit the Furnes Fire” SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 79 R.C. Mackenzie Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB9 2Q J A piece of equipment commonly used in analytical studies, and almost universally in thermo- analytical studies, is the temperature-controlled wire-wound electric resistance tube or muffle furnace. However, its history is not to be found in any of the standard references. Early Controlled-heating Appliances Solid-fuel furnaces held sway as laboratory sources of controllable heat until at least the mid-nineteenth century and probably reached the nadir of their development in alchemical times. Indeed, the furnaces of the alchemists of the 16th and 17th centuries could be con- trolled to relatively fine temperature limits by variation of fuel and of damper settings and one should not be misled by the fact that Galen’s four degrees of heat and four of cold were still accepted.However, being essentially philosophers, alchemists employed hired help to tend their furnaces and paid emoluments varying with the responsibility of the work: thus, King James IV of Scotland, whose interest in alchemy was probably mainly mercenary, paid “ane boy that kepit the furnes fire” 3s 8d in March 1503 and a man who supervised the furnace for quirtta essentia (clearly a more onerous task) 43 10s for 10 weeks’ work in 1506l; the latter furnace was probably similar to one depicted by Lulius2 in 1541 (Fig. 1).Furnaces were also widely used, of course, by assayers and craftsmen and an excellent idea of the various types common in 1556 can be gained from the descriptions and woodcuts in Agricola’s “De Re Metallica”3; almost identical models were also depicted by Lohneyss in 1617.* The first automatic thermostatic control for furnaces appears to have been introduced bycornelis Drebbel(l572-1633) about 1630, but was not taken up by others although appar- ently referred to by B ~ y l e . ~ One of the most complex furnaces-the “Iron Man” of Glauber (1650)-belongs to the same period1 Accurate temperature measurement first became possible in 1600-1750 and the first pyro- meter (apart from rather cumbersome air thermometers) that proved reliable for comparing high temperatures (although grossly inaccurate on a linear scale) was introduced by Josiah Wedgwood (173047%) in 1782.6 Despite such developments, laboratory furnace design advanced little from the 1550s to the 1820s (Fig.2). Fig. 2. Solid-fuel laboratory furnaces, from a Fig- 1 . Furnace depicted by catalogue of laboratory equipment, 1823. Lulius in “De Secretis Naturae sive Quinta Essentia,” 1641.2 Alternative Power Sources Although gas became widely used for heating only in the latter part of the 19th century, by However, for con- 1873 gas furnaces capable of reasonable temperature control were in use.’ trolled heat, gas proved rather a stop-gap between solid fuels and electricity.80 SOME HISTORICAL LANDMARKS I N ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Anal. Proc. About 9 years after Voltas described his “pile” in 1800, John George Children (1777-1853) used a large electric battery to make a platinum wire glow brightly in airQ and in 1815 he related the heating power of wires to the specific resistance of the metals.1° In the same paper he described an experiment of William Hasledine Pepys (1775-1856), which might be regarded as the first use of a resistance furnace.Pepys inserted some diamond powder into a longitudinal saw-cut in a bent stout iron wire, sealed it in with two small wires and covered the system with sheets of “talc” (sic-probably mica). The stout wire was then heated to redness by one of Children’s batteries and maintained in this state for 6 min. On cooling and removing the mica, the diamond was found to have disappeared and the iron was converted into steel.This experiment was unfortunately not followed up and during most of the remainder of the century the main types of electric furwce in use were arc furnaces and those utilising the resistance of the charge.ll Then, suddenly, in 1895 Georges Charpy, in Paris, developed, for his studies on the tempering of steel, an electrically heated tube furnace,12 complete with a thermocouple and a drum recorder for automatically registering temperature (Fig. 3). His description of the construction can be summarised as follows: “The furnace comprises a re- fractory tube 2 cm diameter by 10 cm long, wound with platinum wire of 0.5 mm diameter: this is covered with a layer of asbestos and enclosed in a metal cylinder supported on a stand.A thin copper foil insert equalises the temperature within the tube. In place of the thermo- couple, a segment of the centre of the winding (where the temperature is uniform) can be connected directly to a sensitive voltmeter: if the current passing is known, the resistance of this segment can be calculated and hence the temperature measured to within 15-20 “C (this system was constructed by M. Jobin, precision instrument maker). With a current of about 6 A, a temperature of 1200-1 300 “C can be rapidly attained.” Fig. 3. The electrically heated tube furnace of Charpy, 1895, complete with thermocouple and temperature recorder.12 Georges Charpy thus not only introduced the tube furnace but also conceived the idea of using part of the winding as a resistance thermometer: he even went further, however, and developed an elaborate rotating water-jacketed furnace.This, for the period, was no mean achievement and represents remarkable innovation for one paper ; the electrically heated tube furnace thus arrived on the scene in rather a revolutionary manner. Other descriptions of such electrically heated furnaces quickly fo1lowedl3-l5 and commercial models were soon produced by W, C. Heraeus (Hanau, Germany). The date of introduction is unknown, but several models were available by 190216-the year that the platinum wire winding was replaced by platinum foil (0.007 mm thick) closely wound on the core to give, virtually, an outer cylinder of platinum; this not only prolonged furnace life but avoided hot spots caused by stretching of the wire after repeated heatings.17 These furnaces, operating on voltages up to 220 V and costing A4-7 without the platinum, could attain 1400 “C in 5 min and had a maximum temperature limit of 1500 0C17918; one special Heraeus furnace could even reach 2200 O C .l 9March, 1980 EQUIPMENT NEWS 81 Graded windings seem to have been introduced in 1903,20 and many subsequent develop- ments, such as the introduction of the winding inside the furnace core21 and graded windings with supplementary end coils22 (to give higher temperatures and very long uniform-tempera- ture zones), took place at the US Geophysical Laboratory. In early furnaces, nickel was often preferred to platinum as the latter had to be specially purified. Other difficulties arose from the fact that the porcelain tubes used in Britain usually contained excess of silica as quartz, and gave spurious peaks on cooling curves, whereas Berlin porcelain contained excess of alumina and did not behave in this manner.23 As mains electricity was too variable in voltage for use as a power source with rheostatic temperature regulation, accumulators of about 100 V were normally employed in the early days, but by 1912 the mains supply, in Heidelberg at least, was apparently sufficiently stable to be used along with a motor-driven automatic rheostatic temperature control to give a linear temperature/time c ~ r v e .2 ~ The rate of replacement of gas by electric heating is difficult to gauge: by about 1909-10 electricity was probably marginally the more common,25 but in some laboratories gas was used even in the 1920s when electricity would have been more efficient.26 It would thus appear that much depended on the facilities available in different localities and different laboratories. I t can generally be concluded, however, that the “boy” and his “furnes” of 1503 had evolved into the temperature-controllable electrically heated wire-wound furnace by about 1912.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. References Read, J., “Humour and Humanism in Chemistry,” Bell, London, 1947. Lulius, R., “De Secretis Naturae sive Quinta Essentia,” Balthassar Beck, Strasbourg, 1541. Agricola, G., “De Re Metallica,” Froben, Basle, 1556. Lohneyss, G. A., “Bericht vom Bergwerk” (Folio), Frankfurt, 1672( ?). Gibbs, F. W., Ann. Sci., 1948, 6, 32. Wedgwood, J., Philos. Trans. R. SOC. London, 1782, 72, 305. Fourquignon, Id., and Leclerc, A., C.R. Acad. Sci., 1873, 76, 116. Volta, A., Philos. Trans. R . SOC. London, 1800, 90, 403. Children, J. G., Philos. Trans. R . SOC. London, 1809, 99, 32. Children, J . G., Philos. Trans. R . SOC. London, 1815, 105, 363. Street, C., Bull. Soc. Int. Electns., 1895, 12, 246. Charpy, G., Bull. SOC. Encour. Ind. Nut., Paris, 1895, 10, 660. Roberts-Austen, W. C., Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 1897, 31. Holborn, L., and Day, A. L., Am. J . Sci., 1899, 8, 165. Holborn, L., and Day, A. L., Am. J . Sci., 1900, 10, 171. Danneel, H., 2. Elektrochem., 1902, 8, 822. Heraeus, W. C., 2. Elektrochem., 1902, 8, 201. Haagn, E., 2. Elektrochem., 1902, 8, 509. Heraeus, W. C., 2. Elektrochem., 1902, 8, 512. Kalahne, A,, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 1903, 11, 257. Day, A. L., and Allen, E. T., Phys. Rev., 1904, 19, 177. Day, A. L., and Clement, J . K., Am. J . Sci., 1908, 26, 405. Rosenhain, W., Proc. Phys. Soc., 1908, 21, 180. Friedrich, K., Centralbl. Min. Geol. Palaont., 1912, 174. Samoilov, Ya. V., Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk, 1909, 3; 1137. Guichard, M., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., 1923, 33, 258. English translation edited by Hoover, H. C., (Original: Zellerfeldt, 1617.) and Hoover, L. H., Min. Mag., 1913 (reprinted: Dover, New York, 1950).

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700073

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

March, 1980 EQUIPMENT NEWS 81 Equipment News Scanning Electron Microscope Perkin-Elmer Limited, Post Office Lane, The S405A scanning electron microscope, an Beaconsfield1 Buckinghamshire, HP9 1QAt addition to the ~ 4 0 0 range, offers a resolution Contact: Dr. Mike Capers. of 7 pm and high vacuum ( 5 x Torr). A complete compensation allowing a correct and X-Ray Microradiography Unit direct magnification readout in digital format An X-ray microradiography stage for scanning plus a multitude of operation modes are avail- electron microscopes consists of a module able. incorporating a silicon photocell, for monitoring Tel. 04946-6161.82 EQUIPMENT NEWS Anal. PYOC. X-ray intensity, and its associated control unit, and can be fitted to any IS1 SEM with a UTXYRZ stage. A 400-pm final aperture re- p laces the standard aperture of the SEM and the electron beam is focused on to a 4 pm thick copper target.International Scientific Instruments, Water- witchHouse, Exeter Road, Newmarket, Suffolk. Contact : Mr . Terry Johnson. Tel. 0638-5031. X-Ray Diffraction The crystal analyser makes a rapid and detailed structural examination of a crystal by using a high-speed diffraction system coupled with a position-sensitive detector and associated electronics. The detector allows incident X-ray quanta to be located to within 50 pm on a high ohmic counter wire, and the fastest gonio- meter speed (400 degrees min-l) gives a com- plete diffraction diagram in a matter of minutes. Siemens Limited, Siemens House, Windmill Road, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, TW 16 7HS.Tel. 09327-85691. Spectrophotometers Models 320 and 330, double monochromator, microcomputer-controlled ultraviolet - visible and ultraviolet - visible - near infrared spectro- photometers have a resolution of 0.07 (ultra- violet - visible) nm and stray light of less than O . O O l ~ o transmittance at 220 nm, providing a photometric range of 0.4 nm. Microcomputer monitoring and control can perform source change, setting of 0 and loo:/, transmittance, and base-line compensation. Instrumental parameters that can be set include wavelength, band pass, ordinate scale, format, response and scan speed. The Models 320/330 offer 2000 formats from 0.1 to 200 nm cm-l. Band pass is selectable from 0.01 to approxi- mately 6 nm (near infrared 24 nni) in 0.01-nm steps. The Model 320 includes as standard, first to fourth derivative, repetitive scanning, a wave- length programmer with up to ten wavelengths, a concentration mode and a built-in recorder with automatic pen positioning.Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Post Office Lane, Beacons- field, Buckinghamshire, HP9 1QA. Tel. 04946- 6161. Liquid Chromatography Monitor The LB503 Radioactivity Detector, a high speed HPLC monitor, consists of a hetero- geneous counting cell which is used for detecting virtually all isotopes except tritium. The cell is packed with minute glass scintillator beads, which, on contact with any radioactive isotope present in the eluate, praduce ultraviolet light, which is monitored by two selected photo- multiplier tubes. The heterogeneous counting cell has an internal volume of 50p1, to give a detection level for 14C compounds of approxi- mately 400 disintegrations min-l.When tritium is present in the eluate, a second type of cell employing a homogeneous eluate - scintillator mixture is used. The flow cell has a capacity of 120 pl, and as the sample is mixed with the scintillator in a ratio of 1:4, the volume of sample required to carry out the analysis is 24 pl. The detection limit for tritium when using the homogeneous counting cell is approximately 800 disintegrations min-l. Bioluminescence monitoring can also be carried out, as the LB503 has a built-in bio- luminescence mode. It also has an auto- ranging unit to select the optimum sensitivity range. Laboratory Impex Ltd., Lion Road, Twicken- ham, Middlesex.Contact : Bruce Morris. Tel. 01-892-9157. Dichrographs Two instruments, Dichrographe IV and Dichro- graphe V, are based on a new microprocessor to control the performance of the measurement process. Spectra can be recorded for both circular and linear dichroism experiments with base-line correction, signal averaging, AA measurements and very precise calibrations. The optical systems of both instruments are identical and cover the spectral range 180- 1000 nm. The Dichrographe V also contains a mini-compu t er . EDT Research, 14 Trading Estate Road, London, NWlO 7LU. Tel. 01-961-1477. Freeze- dryers The largest freeze-dryers in theVirTis SRCrange, the Models SRC 250 and SRC 500, are available as open-frame constructions with separate con- trol systems, such that they can be mounted through clean-room walls.These freeze-dryers can trap up to 227 kg of product ice, be evacu- ated to 50 pm in 20 min and provide rapid pre- freezing of the product shelves to -55 O C . The shelves hold & 1 "C set point control regardless of the system loading. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex, HAS 8JP. Tel: 01-958-3111. Portable Air Pollution Monitor Two portable ozone and nitrogen oxides monitors, the Models 2000 and 2200, can beMarch, 1980 EQUIPMENT NEWS 83 either battery or mains powered. Both use a highly specific chemiluminescence detector system based on the measurement of light generated during the reaction between any of the gases and ethylene. The Model 2000 ozone monitor has a built-in ethylene gas bottle for use in the chemiluminescence detector system.The Model 2200 NO, NO, and NO, monitor gener- ates its own supply of ozone for use in the chemi- luminescence detector. The Model 2000 ozone monitor has a measur- ing range of 0-0.1, 0-0.2, 0-0.5 and 0-1.0 p.p.m. full scale deflection. The detection limit is 0.01 p.p.m. The Model 2200 NO, NO,, NO, monitor has measuring ranges of 0-0 5, 0-1.0, 0-2.0 and 0-5.0 p.p.m. and a detection limit of 0.1 p.p.m. Kemtronix (UK) Ltd., High Street, Compton, Nr. Newbury, Berkshire. Tel. 063-522-470. Gas Chromatographs The FV 4100 and FV 4200 gas chromatographs are basically packed single- and dual-column systems, which can be fitted with the current Grob split - splitless injector; the FV 4160 is a capillary dedicated gas chromatograph, fitted with the Grob split - splitless injector and the Grob on-column injector.Erba Science (UK) Ltd., 14 Bath Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN2 6 JQ. Tel. 0793-33551. Trace Element Analysis The plasma emission spectrometer, Spectrospan 11 1, performs simultaneous multi-element analy- ses on samples dissolved in 1+1 hydrochloric and nitric acids, diluted to a concentration of 2%. The resolving power of the echelle grating permits the use of previously avoided spectral lines, such as the niobium 309.4 nm line, which has closely associated water bands. The boron doublet is readily separable from surrounding iron line interferences using this system. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex, HA8 8 JP. Tel. 01-958-3111. Balances Three new models in the Thor range of balances are announced.The DK4/13 is a dual range model accurate to either 1 g in 12 kg or, using the same balance, 0.1 g in 4 kg. The M4000 is a single balance accurate to 0.1 g in 4 kg. The KT2500 is a single balance accurate to 0.01 g in 2500 g. The Balance Consultancy, 35 Harford Street, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, BA14 7HL. Tel. 02214- 6446 113. Balance An addition to the Metronic range of electronic top-pan balances, the GC62 has a dual capacity range of 6 kg x 0.1 g and 600 x 0.01 g. A large rectangular weighing pan (215 mm X 179 mm) gives accurate readings across its total surface. A four line BCD output can be linked with programmable calculators, counting units and printers. Oertling Ltd., Orpington, Kent, BR5 2HA. Contact: Mrs. B. Lett (Tel.0689-26771); or Mark E. Fenn (Tel. 061-872-6334). High Capacity Balances The PK range consists of three, high resolution, single range balances with weighing ranges of 300, 2000 and 16000 g and readabilities of 0.001 g, 0.01 g and 0.1 g, respectively. The DeltaRange of the PC balances operates as a fine range having lox accuracy over one-tenth of the over-all weighing capacity. The latest PK4800, with a weighing capacity of 4000 g, and the PC36, with a weighing capacity of 30 000 g, have a new DeltaRange which operates over one fifth of the over-all weighing range with the same readability and accuracy. A. Gallenkamp & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 290, Technic0 House, Christopher Street, London, EC2P 2ER. Tel. 01-247-3211. Pocket- sized Thermometer The Heat-Prober, Model 350XC, thermometer, with a range from -100 to 550 OC, is a pocket- sized liquid crystal display platinum - RTD system featuring 0.1" resolution, 200 h continu- ous operation on a replaceable 9 V battery, and more than 20 interchangeable, calibrated, plug- in platinum - RTD probes.Beam Communications Ltd., 117 Piccadilly, London, W1V 9FJ. Tel. 01-491-3502. Immersion Heaters Immersion heaters for use in either oil- or water- baths are available in a range of sizes between 500 and 1500 W heating capacity, having a graduated temperature control between 50 and 300 "C. A temperature sensor attached to the heating element regulates the temperature of the medium being heated and acts as a safety cut-out. Histolab Laboratories, P.O. Box 101, Heme1 Hempstead, Hertfordshire. Stainless Steel Filter Elements A range of high-flow cleanable filters in 316 stainless steel is available in pleated or cylindri-84 SEVENTH ARAAS SYMPOSIUM Anal. PYOC. cal format, with lOOyo removal ratings extend- ing from 1 to above 280pm. With welded, brazed or epoxy resin bonded assemblies and gasket seals in nitrile rubber, Buna, Viton A, Butyl or ethylene - propylene, the MF8 filters have recommended liquid flow-rates from 22.5 to more than 225 1 min-l and will withstand temperatures from -270 to +316 "C. Differ- ential pressure ratings are normally 5-1 0 bar. Microfiltrex Ltd., Newgate Lane, Fareham, Hampshire, PO14 1BA. Tel. 0329-285616. Quick- acting Plug Valves "P4T" series plug valves, featuring quarter turn on-off operation and with a high flow capacity, maintain low operating torque with leak-tight shut-off under service conditions to 204 "C and 3000 lb in-2. The valves are avail- able in brass and 316 stainless steel, with $ in male or female pipe ends and $- in and 6 mm Swagelok tube fitting ends. Syndic0 (Warrington) Ltd., 16 Legh Street, Warrington, Cheshire. Contact : Glynis Mitchell. Tel. 0925-55657.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700081

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

84 SEVENTH ARAAS SYMPOSIUM Anal. PYOC. Seventh ARAAS Symposium The Atomic Spectroscopy Group, together with the ARAAS Board and Sheffield Metallurgical and Engineering Association, will be holding the Seventh Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spec- troscopy Symposium on March 27, 1980 (see Analytical Division Diary for details). Among the invited speakers from abroad will be Dr. P. W. J . M. Boumans and Dr. J. Stupar. Dr. P. W. J. M. Boumans was born in 1932 in The Netherlands and studied chemistry and physics at the University of Amsterdam. Physical methods of chemical analysis had his special interest and he obtained his doctor’s degree cum Zaude in 1961 with a thesis entitled “Some Fundamental Aspects of Spectrochemical Analysis Using the D.c. Carbon Arc.” During 1961-68, Dr.Boumans was concerned with research and education at the University of Amsterdam, where he was the author of a book “Theory of Spectrochemical Excitation, ’’ a chapter “Excitation of Spectra” and a series of research papers on atomic-emission spectro- scopy. In 1968 he joined Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, where, at present, he is Chief Scientist, responsible for research in analytical atomic spectroscopy. His interests include excitation sources, optics, spectro- meters, detectors, computer software, statistics, automation, physical processes in plasmas, optimisation of spectroscopic methods of analysis, fundamentals of analytical method- ology and the position of spectroscopic methods in analytical chemistry. Dr. Boumans is a “born” emission spectro- scopist and belongs to the small group of researchers who kept their heads cool during the dark years of the decline of emission spectro- scopy when atomic-absorption spectrometry was conquering the world and becoming the common man’s spectroscopy.Dr. Boumans was among the first to recognise the merits of Greenfield’s and Fassel’s work on inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) and in 1970 started research on ICPs and other plasma sources for liquid analysis. He published a series of land- mark papers and tutorial reviews in this field, sometimes using provocative titles such as “Multielement Analysis by Optical Emission Spectroscopy-Rise or Fall of an Empire ?” and “ICP: D.c. Arc in a New Jacket?” Under such titles he condenses trains of thoughts and diagnostic views on the present and future developments using his profound knowledge of analytical atomic spectroscopy and his broad experience in fundamental, instrumental and applicational research in this field.Dr. Boumans not only is a born emission spectroscopist, but also a born writer and speaker, who has invested a lot of hard workMarch, 1980 SEVENTH ARAAS SYMPOSIUM 85 and perseverance in cultivating the art of scientific writing and speaking. One of his mottos is that an author has not completely understood the subject if he is not able to formulate the subject completely clearly in every detail. Dr. Boumans feels that he con- tinuously finds new scientific inspiration in the careful and critical writing of texts of papers, reviews or lectures, because the compulsion to formulate precisely and unambiguously reveals gaps or inconsistencies in a set of experimental results, a theoretical approach or a systems analysis, and brings out those questions which onemust leave to be answered in future research. This philosophy of critical formulating leavens Dr.Boumans’ research work and resounds in his lectures. He prepares them all with the greatest care, tailors them for each audience specifically and always incorporates the latest views on current developments and the most recent results of his research work. He con- siders each lecture as a challenge that compels him to produce something that is interesting or new for the listeners, even those who attended his latest lecture. He hates uninspiring, routine lectures, which he considers as an offence to the audience.Dr. Boumans’ current research field is still ICP emission spectroscopy, with emphasis on the following topics: trace analysis of complex samples, ICPs fed with organic solvents, discrete sampling, alkali determinations using a photo- diode triptych, ICP vacuum and high-resolution spectroscopy, optimisation of “complete” ICP equipment, approaches to flexible single- element and rapid sequential multi-element analysis using computerised programmable monochromators, general survey analysis using ICP spectrography and novel instrumental approaches to simultaneous multi-element analysis. Also in this context fits his workon the compilation of new coincidence tables for ICP emission spectroscopy. Since 1972 Dr. Boumans has been Editor of Spectrochimica A d a , Part B, Atomic Spectro- scopy (SAB) and became Editor-in-Chief of this journal in 1979.He has made great efforts to effect a face-lift of SAB and this is reflecting itself in a vastly reduced publication time and a broadened scope of the journal. Dr. Boumans serves on the Editorial Boards of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Progress an Analytical A tomic Spectroscopy, ICP Information Newsletter and Analusis, and is a member of the Liaison Board of the Inter- national Microchemical Symposium. He is past Secretary of the ICP Detection Limits Com- mittee and is responsible for the formulation of a recently published “ICP Detection Limits Program.” Dr. Boumans’ greatest pleasure lies in detec- ting and solving research problems and, in general, in reshaping chaos into order.If one asks him why he works and writes in the way he does, the answer is a quotation from E. M. Forster: ‘ I . . . for two reasons: partly to make money and partly to win the respect of people whom I respect. . . .” His greatest satis- faction, however, is to see his contributions not merely cited but used and implemented in the development of spectroscopy. Unfortunately, Dr. Boumans became totally deaf about 5 years ago, but this handicap has not paralysed his activities or impeded contacts with his colleagues. For such contacts he does require, however, a transcription of the spoken word. He has developed an ability to seize rapidly the quintessence of condensed, written information, but also greatly appreciates it if one is willing to take a little time to make a conversation an exchange of thoughts rather than a casual transfer of information.Thanks to Dr. Boumans’ well developed knowledge of foreign languages before his hearing broke down, and his computer-like memory, even for sound and music, he has kept virtually intact his ability to converse in English, German or French. Dr. Boumans’ wife, who often accompanies him to international spectroscopy conferences, studied French and pursues pottery making and sculpture as hobbies. His eldest daughter is studying medicine at the University of Nijmegen, his second daughter piarlo at the Conservatoire of Utrecht and his son is still at High School. The family lives in a village near Eindhoven in a house surrounded by magnifi- cent gardens and a pine forest. These gardens, fine arts, interior decoration and the English classical writers compensate for Dr. Boumans’ inability to enjoy such things as music and theatre. Keeping the gardens in good order takes the larger part of his spare time, however, but also forms his greatest relief and arms him to a certain extent against the constitutional problems that continuously threaten an amateur of good wine and food.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700084

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

86 OBITUARY Anal. Proc. Obituary N. W. Hanson On August 1 lth, 1979, Norman Hanson was due to celebrate his silver wedding, and the family was assembling for the event at his home in Burnham, Buckinghamshire, where he had lived for many years. Suddenly, with no warning, he died. He was 73, a fact it was hard to credit as he looked under 60 and had been fit and active to the end. He was born in Aberystwyth on July 14th, 1906. His mother was English and his father was Carl August Hanson, a Norwegian by birth and the distinguished restorer of old and valuable books and manuscripts to the National Library of Wales. Such work demanded meticulous care, and one can speculate that it was from him that his son inherited his own love of accuracy. Norman Hanson was educated in Aberystwyth, first a t the County School and, from 1923, a t the University College, from which he graduated with First Class Honours in chemistry.He remained a t the College to do research, and was awarded his PhD in 1928, a t the age of 22. On September lst, 1928, he joined Nobel Explosives Company Ltd., a constituent of ICI, and his entire working life was spent with that Company; when he retired in 1968 he was just 1 month short of 40 years’ service. His first employment was as chemist in the analytical laboratory in Stevenston, and i t was there, no doubt, that his long association with analytical chemistry began. He held other positions dur- ing his career, but there can be no doubt that analysis was his metier. In 1934 he moved to Stowmarket, to work in the Research and Development Department of Nobel Chemical Finishes Ltd., a company set up to exploit the Nobel expertise in nitrocellulose surface coatings, and in 1937 he was transferred to the Research and Development Department of the newly formed Paints Division of ICT.He was appointed Section Head in 1941 and Organ- ics Group Head in 1952. He does not appear to have been officially an analytical chemist during his time a t Slough, but he certainly did some work in the field, including an investiga- tion on behalf of the National Gallery into the pigments used by 3. W. Turner. In 1958 he was appointed a member of the small Research Department a t ICI’s Head Office a t Millbank, where his chief duty was as Secretary to the Analytical Chemists’ Committee. Even a t that time this was the oldest interdivisional Com- mittee within ICI, its members being the Chief Analysts of the Divisions.Its function has been to ensure that within the ICI family methods were, so far as possible, stmdardised so that interdivisional misunderstandings and duplication of effort could be avoided. It has unquestionably been of the utmost value to the Company, and in Norman Hanson i t found the ideal Secretary. His love of accuracy and pre- cision, and his painstaking attention to detail, were great assets, and he rapidly won the respect and affection of the Divisional Analysts. Altliough brought up in a rkgime of classical analysis, he was quick to appreciate the import- ance of physical and non-destructive methods, and did not appear to hanker after the wet- chemical methods of his youth, One of the responsibilities of the Research (later Research and Development) Department was liaison with other organisations.In this context he served on several committees of the British Standards Institution and was, in 1965, appointed a member of the Analytical Methods Committee of the Society for Analytical Chem- istry (SAC). His considerable experience of analytical chemistry in industry allowed him to make a real contribution to the work of these committees. For some people, retirement means what it says. For Hanson, it meant a widening and extension of his work. He was invited to do part-time teaching and for several years taught in the Chemistry Department of Slough College of Technology. Also, he edited for the SACanew edition of “Official, Standardised and Recom- mended Methods of Analysis,” which demanded all his energy and tact, and he undertooksome original research, under the supervision of Dr.Neil Isaacs in the Chemistry Department of Reading University, on the kinetics of certain complexing agents. This last was virtually com- plete a t the time of his death and a paper will be submitted for publication During retirement his services to the SAC (later the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society) increased. In 1969 he became Secretary of the Finance Com- mittee of the SAC, a position he retained until amalgamation of the SAC with the Chemical Society in 1975. When certain reorganisations made it desirable, in 1977, to appoint a part-time Secretary for the Analytical Methods Committee, Hanson was an obvious choice.He willingly undertook this work and as would be expected brought to i t all his customary enthusiasm and meticulousness right up to the time of his death. Such was his attention to detail that his succes- sor will not encounter any problems in interpret-March, 1980 SAC SILVER MEDAL 87 ing current progress in the work of the Com- mittee. Norman Hanson was a man of many interests. He was a very competent gardener whose garden always looked neat, tidy and highly productive; he played a big part in the United Reformed Church in Slough (Trinity Church), being an Elder, member of the choir, Christian Aid organiser and Session Clerk (Church Secretary). With his wife Isobel he was a choral member of the Slough Philharmonic Society, and a member of the Scots Society of St. Andrews; for several years he was Com- mittee Secretary of the Hitcham and Taplow Preservation Society. He was a very modest man who avoided the spotlight and who was happy to work behind the scenes, there when he was needed, wholly loyal and unselfseeking, entirely reliable and exact. He is survived by two sons from his first marriage, and by his second wife, whom he married (after the death of his first) in 1954. M. A. T. ROGERS P. W. SHALLIS

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP9801700086

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

March, 1980 SAC SILVER MEDAL 87 Rank Hilger Spectroscopy Prize The Rank Hilger Spectroscopy Prize is an annual award for young spectroscopists who are under 30 years of age at the end of the year for which the prize is awarded. The prize may be awarded for theoretical or practical contribu- tions to analytical atomic spectroscopy. Appli- cations are invited for the 1980 prize which has a value of A75, part of which is to be used for the purchase of a book(s) for presentation at the AGM of the Atomic Spectroscopy Group. The award will be judged on the basis of the candidate’s contribution to analytical atomic spectroscopy. Relevant techniques include88 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Anal. Proc. atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence, atomic emission and X-ray fluorescence. The work need not be theoretical, but could cover applications, instrumental modification, accessories, improvements in technique or data handling.Applications from industrial establish- ments are particularly welcome and due allow- ance is made by the selection committee for the ease or otherwise of the candidates contribu- tion(s). The contribution(s) need not have been published and candidate’s wishes with respect to publication will be respected. Intending candidates should (1) be under 30 years of age on December 31st, 1980; (2) be resident in the United Kingdom; (3) submit, before May 31st, 1980, a summary of about 500 words, describing their various contributions to the theory and/or practice of atomic spectro- scopy, with particular emphasis on the range of their work. This summary should be accom- panied by documentary evidence of the candi- dates work, either in the form of copies of internal reports or publications if available. The names of two referees, one of whom has been associated with the work submitted, must also be given. The Selection Committee would also be pleased to consider applications brought to their attention by senior members of an establish- ment on behalf of candidates who could comply with the above criteria. Short-listed candidates may be required to submit a more detailed account of their work. Applications should be addressed to the Honorary Assistant Secretary, Atomic Spectro- scopy Group, Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, WlV OBN.

ISSN:0144-557X    

DOI:10.1039/AP980170087b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1980

数据来源: RSC