ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01397.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Average clutch‐size is characteristic for each genus and each family of birds in the same region.2In almost all families, clutch‐size is much smaller in equatorial Africa than in mid‐Europe.3In mid‐European small passerines, those with comparatively safe nesting‐sites tend to have larger average clutches and longer nestling periods than those building open nests.4Swifts and petrels have safe nesting‐sites and long nestling periods, but only small clutches, correlated with a scarce or uncertain food supply for the young.5In general, the length of the incubation period is correlated with the length of the nestling period in birds, probably because it is difficult to modify the rate of development except as a whole.6In nidifugous species, the specific differences in clutch‐size have not been accounted for, though food for the brood is thought to be the basic factor involved in most cases. The number of eggs that the hen Can cover is not a primary factor in most cases, but may sometimes provide a se

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.From experience from southern Abyssinia southwards to the Union of South Africa, 176 instances are given of no geographical voice‐variation within a single species, or pairs of allopatric species (List 1 A), as compared to only 33 instances of variation (2 A), most of which are of but small degree, and one of which is in fact ecological. In closely allied sympatric species, in some cases there is a voice‐difference (2 C), but which may be very slight. Where there is no difference at all (1 B), in some cases there is an ecological difference, but in others no such barrier exists. Variation in allopatric species ofTauracois recorded in 2 B.A postscript gives the results of some later experience on the coasts of Angola and the Cape Provi

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1There is a tendency for the more northern breeding waders to have darker and more elaborate spring plumage.2Over the breeding range considered, three geographical zones have been distinguished, in which the coloration of waders of different species shows similarities (“ecological isomorphism”).3The dark underparts of northern breeding waders are may be concerned with heat absorption or protection, and must be considered with Bergman's Rule and Hesse's Quoti

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Data for the Golden PloverPluvialis apricaria, breeding in the Faeroe Islands, suggest that the species is more successful up to. and including the hatching phase than the WhimbrelNumenius ph. phœopus.Oyster‐catcherHœmatopus ostralegus occidentalis, and Faeroe SnipeCapella gallinago faeroeensis.Comparative figures for average clutch, young leaving the nest, and losses due to predators, infertility, etc., are given for a small number of nests.Simultaneous hatching is more general than in the Whimbrel and the hatching‐period, normally about 100 hours, is some 10–20 hours less. Detailed records of hatching are given in the case of seven nests.Field‐notes are given on the nuptial flight, and a “partnership‐run” is described.Both sexes share incubation and care of the young, the family quickly deserting the nesting‐site. Shell remains are removed and young hatched late in the day appear to pass the night on the nest.In distraction‐display an aggressive form was not recorded, but stationary and moving “lure displays” of three distinct kinds (in addition to the normal run from the nest or young) are described. A case is cited in which the male, when flushed from eggs, directed the “

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1948.tb01406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY