摘要:

SummaryAutumn migration of Quail was studied on the northern coast of Sinai in 1972 and 1973. Arab Quail nets were used to catch totals of 4863 and 1823 in the two years, respectively. Of 1761 Quail ringed in 1973, 0–4% have been recovered from the extensive area predicted by earlier ringing results.Quail started to enter nets 10 min after first light, and continued to do so until 0800–0900 h, local time. The quantity netted per day varied greatly, producing waves of migration which were inversely correlated with the barometric pressure over Europe prior to the arrival of each wave. Each of the arriving waves was apparently a discrete (group of) populations) from one area. The very close similarities in the arrival dates of each wave for both the 1972 and 1973 passages has been interpreted as showing that the timing of autumn migration in Quail is mainly dependent on exteroreceptive time–setters and/or biological clocks.Sex and age ratios of each day's catch varied greatly and were related to the rise and fall in numbers of Quail arriving each day. The approximate sex and age ratios for all Quail crossing the coast after dawn during the 1973 passage was 58% male, 75% young, and 7–2 young per adult female.The 26 Quail analysed for fat and water content were definitely not suffering from dehydration, but many of them would not have been able to reach their wintering grounds without additional food. The ‘average’ Quail had 75% of the fat reserves required, while less than 20% of the Quail had the required amount.The daily temporal pattern of netting suggests that a proportion of the Quail cross the coast before dawn and alight at dawn well dispersed within the Sinai desert. This, together with the observed inverse correlation between the amount of fat at arrival and the time of netting, suggest that it is the Quail in poorer physiological condition that arrive later in the day, and that these may stand smaller chances of completing their autumn migration even if not netted by man.More than three times the number of Quail were caught per metre net in 1972 than 1973 (2–43 Quail/metre net/season and 0–73 Quail/metre net/season, respectively. This decline cannot be attributed to hunting. Rough quantitative data during the years 1900–1959 shows that the abundance of Quail in any year was not dependent on abundance in the preceding year. On the other hand, fluctuations in Quail abundance were associated with long–term climatic changes, i.e., netting success in Egypt was negatively associated with rainfall in the Sahel, and shooting in Luxembourg was positively correlated with temp

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00867.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWe examined the pattern of colony occupation and egg‐laying in five colonies of Herring Gulls nesting in New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonies formed from epicentres located in sparse bushes. The number of epicentres related to the number of birds nesting in the colonies. Colonies of over 250 pairs had more than one epicentre, whereas those with under 250 pairs had only one epicentre. Epicentres were not always in the geographical centre of the colonies. New territory‐hunting pairs filled in the epicentre areas, and then nested outside these areas. The egg‐laying pattern followed the settling pattern, but was more synchronous than the settling pattern. There was greater synchrony of egg‐laying within sub‐areas of the colonies than in the colonies as a whole. Further, synchrony correlated with the number of nests in

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00868.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00869.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRed‐billed Firefinches were netted and ringed in Lochinvar National Park, Zambia, in 1972 and 1973 and were netted sporadically through 1975. Most nested from March to May, i.e., in the late rainy season and in the early dry season, though some nested as late as August. Nearly all evidently bred in their first year. Moult generally began after breeding was completed, and the indicated average duration of moult was 3–5‐4 months. The main foods taken at all times of year were seeds of the seasonal grassesEchinochloa colonumandSetariaspp.Local population densities, estimated by two methods, were in the range 33–86 birds per km2. Ringing results demonstrated overlapping activity ranges in the breeding season. Dispersal movements were non‐directional, and varied up to 14 km. Some ringed birds moved regularly each year between a particular waterhole and a breeding site; other did not move from the site of original ringing. Most dispersal was evident in the dry season (June and July) and in the early rains (October and November). Genetically effective dispersal of young from the site of birth to the site of the first breeding season was up to 6'8 km, and some adults were netted in sites a few kilometres apart in successive breeding seasons. Some dispersing firefinches crossed the song dialect boundaries of the Village In

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00870.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryConclusions from a study of plumages, geographical distribution, and available anatomical and biological characters, are that the family Alcedinidae arose in Malesia, and that the 18 Afrotropical kingfishers are the product of 8–11 separate invasions from Malesia, one via America.Halcyon badiaand theH. leucocephalaspecies‐group (doubtfully includingH. chelicuti) represent separate invasions by Asian‘Entomobia’,and theH. malimbicaspecies‐group may represent a third such influx (alternatively, all of theseHalcyonsare the product of one single ancient dacelonine colonization of Africa, and have then extended twice into Asia).H. chlorisarrived independently and recently, from Oriental littoral stock.Ceyx madagascariensiscolonized Madagascar from Malesia by trans‐oceanic flight; theCeyx leconteispecies‐group is the product of invasion by OrientalC. erithacusforebears, and theCorythornis cristatasuperspecies probably arose separately from Oriental stock closely‐reiated with theCeyx leconteiprogenitor.Alcedo quadribrachysarose quite recently from ancestral OrientalA. meninting,andA. semitorquataoriginated even more recently from the tropical‐temperateA. at this.The origin ofCeryle rudisis obscure but may be Oriental; andMegaceryle maximaappears to have originate

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00871.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00872.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00873.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00874.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00875.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00876.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY