ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01728.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01729.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Field‐observations on the distraction‐behaviour of the Purple Sandpiper in Bear Island are given.2A type of passive distraction behaviour which closely resembles the run of a small mammal is characteristic of this bird and other waders which nest on fell and tundra in the northern hemisphere.3A distinction is drawn between “lure‐display”(so‐called “injury‐feigning”) derived from disjointed, uncontrolled actions which result from the clashing of strong emotional drives on the appearance of a predator, and displacement activities (which may occur under the same psychological conditions) in which emotional energy finds an outlet in an existing, stereotyped pattern of courtship or other behaviour.4It is shown that the “rodent‐run”belongs to the latter group, and its origin is traced to the “repeated wing‐ceremony”of courtship and territorial activity. Biological valency of the original “borrowing”, due to resemblance of the movements to those of a small mammal, has ensured its modification and development (some aspects of which are discussed) as a strikingly successful pattern in which simulation of a retreating rodent is complete.5An annotated list is given of species in whic

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01730.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01731.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Parent Coot treat all young conspicuously unlike their own as territorial intruders.2Parents with young less than two weeks old will tolerate, feed and brood young similar in appearance to their own. Three cases of permanent adoption are recorded.3Parents with young much over a fortnight old will not tolerate any strange chicks, however similar. This appears to prove that they recognize their own young individually.4The reactions of the young are controlled by releasers. Two are cited, viz. releasers of the following, and alarm, reactions.5Chicks up to at least eight hours old will follow men, accept food from (hem, and respond to calls made by them.6This tameness disappears by the second day (except in the case of hand‐reared young). Imprinting is by then complete.7At first young will follow and beg from any adult Coot.8At 8–11 days young learn to avoid adults in an attitude of attack.9Individual recognition of adults develops at about three we

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Detailed descriptions are given of the lure display of the Faeroe SnipeCapella gallinago faeroeensisas observed in the Faeroe Islands. The chief components are a crouching posture with wings drooped and spasmodically fluttered, and the tail intermittently twisted and spread in a vertical fan. A curious, throaty “hwarr”call‐note usually accompanies the display, but sometimes a loud clear “chap”is used.2Observations are given on impeded flight, and on the behaviour of pairs disturbed when accompanying young. The drumming flight not infrequently occurs as a displacement activity in the male, and the flight with “cheppa‐cheppa”call‐note in the female parent.3An element of surprise in the external environment appears to be essential for a good performance: evidence for this is adduced from field observations on the Faeroe bird and Mousley's (1939) notes on the American Snipe. Lure‐display records in the Common Snipe are reviewed.4The nature and origin of passive distraction behaviour patterns are discussed and it is held that the main element in the snipes'lure display is a formalized development of a displacement borrowing from epigamic activity. The “hwarr”call appears to be exclusive to the lure display and a suggestion is made as to its origin.5Similar displays are found inScolopax rusticolaandPhilohela minor, and a courtship and lure display very like that of the snipes is present inRostratula benghalensis.The pattern may therefore be very ancient, preceding the divergence of the Scolopa

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01734.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1An account is given of the ornithology of St. Helena, every species at all definitely recorded therefrom being mentioned, some for the first time.2Details of the breeding ofAnous stolidusandMegalopterus mimitusare given and the breeding‐seasons of other sea‐birds inhabiting the island are also assessed, but further data are needed. In particular, the status ofSula leueogastraand of another species, citherS. sulaorS. dactylatra, require further investigation.3The starling now so common seems to beAcridotheres tristis, notEulabes religiosa.4Other points requiring further investigation are:(a) Fossil bones should be sought of the avifauna, now extinct, which may have inhabited the original dense forests, destroyed by 1810. (A species of rail may have occurred.)(b) The possibility ofCharadrius pecuarius pecuariushaving arrived on the island, and becoming differentiated into the very distinctC. p. sanctae‐helenae, the only indigenous land‐bird still surviving, within a period of about 300 years.(c) The validity ofEstrilda astrild sanctae‐helenae, and date of introduction of the species.5Other birds of interest seen during the same voyage as St. Helena was visite

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Notes are based on a collection of 700 skins. Extensions of range includeTrachylaemus p. togoensis, Prodotiscus i. flavodorscdis, Campethera n. nivosa, Bleda canicapilla, Phyllastreplms i. icterinus, Pedilorhynchus c. aximensis, Sylvia bnrin, Apalis c. caniceps, Macrosphenus concolor, andSpermophaga h. togoensisrecorded from Nigeria andApus c. strenbeliifrom West Africa for the first time.Taxonomic points include reasons for regardingCentropus epomidisas a colour phase ofCentropus senegalensisandSylvietta flavixentris nigeriaeas a synonym ofSylvietta flainventris.Dates of breeding are given for many species, and nests and eggs arc described.Indicator indicatorwas found in the nest ofHirundo setnirufa.The chick ofPorphyrio alleniis described.

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The Wood Warbler in Britain normally has one brood, in the second half of May or June. The mean date varies somewhat in different years.2Breeding occurs earlier in South Devon than in the central midlands of England.3The average clutch‐size is smaller in June than in Ma

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1950.tb01737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1950

数据来源: WILEY