ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryDetails are given of autumn migration in southwest Iberia, observed at points from Sagres to Tarifa, 24 August‐23 September 1958.No ‘ rushes ’ of night migrants were encountered and an overall broad front movement probably occurs. Hirundines and raptors passed through daily only at Tarifa.Migration is discussed in relation to local and general weather condi

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryForms of head‐scratching are described and classified. Indirect‐scratching differs from the direct chiefly in that it involves the positive movements of lowering one wing and bringing the foot up over it. Both methods of scratching exist on two main levels: basic‐scratching is a reflex‐like response to irritation, etc., on the bill or head, while extended‐scratching functions as part of the feather‐maintenance system. Indirect‐scratching has been recorded as an apparent displacement‐activity in some species.Possible evolutionary trends in head‐scratching are discussed. The two methods may have evolved independently from a more primitive method or successively one from the other. If the two methods evolved successively, then it is argued, contrary to the classical view of Heinroth, that indirect‐scratching evolved later than direct‐scratching, probably after, or concurrently with, the development of the extended function of scratching. Support is provided for this view by the distribution of indirect‐scratching in the bird‐kingdom and by the occasional use, by species in which indirect‐scratching is the rule, of a scratching method with some characters of the direct. The latter may be explained as either a reversion to the primitive method and/or the use of incomplete or wrongly co‐ordinated indirect movements. Variation in scratching within the avian family may be similarly explained and/or is due to incorrect taxonomy (e.g. in Parulidae and Timaliidae). As the method of scratching, generally speaking, is uniform in related birds up to at least the family level (in truly monophyletic groups), head‐scratching method is a potentially useful taxonomic character.The scratching movements of a number of species are described and discussed, including the peculiar scratching of penguins, and a number of new re

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAs a rule, only birds which breed in roofed nests or those built in enclosed spaces sleep in their nests when not incubating or brooding young. The chief exceptions are rails, coots, and gallinulse, which build platforms to raise them above the water or wet ground while they sleep, and Curved‐billed Thrashers, which roost on open nests in thorny cacti.The first step in the evolution of the dormitory habit appears to be sleeping in the covered breeding nest itself before the eggs are laid or after the fledglings depart. In the simplest case, only one parent occupies the breeding nest. But in a number of species, the second parent uses the nest as a dormitory even while it contains eggs and nestlings, and sometimes unmated helpers roost with the parents. A further advance is made when the fledglings are led to sleep in the nest they have just left.The next advance is the construction of special dormitories, not intended for eggs. These usually resemble the breeding nest, but differences in form or site are sometimes found, especially in tropical wrens. Only birds which make or acquire dormitories, in addition to their breeding nests, are likely to enjoy such lodges through the year. In them, self‐supporting individuals may sleep singly, or in pairs, or with their dependent offspring. In the final stage of the evolution of the dormitory habit, the young lodge with their parents long after they are self‐supporting. Often each family remains separate throughout the year; but sometimes, probably in consequence of the loss of dormitories, several families club together in the non‐breeding season. Numerous examples of each of the foregoing arrangements are given.In a harsh environment, as at high latitudes and above timberline on tropical mountains, many birds seek closed spaces for sleeping, and their lives may depend on the availability of such protection. Nevertheless, the dormitory habit is best developed in mild climates where the birds are permanently r

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02420.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02421.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe results obtained from three spring expeditions in 1952, 1956 and 1957 to the Coto Doñana, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River in Spain, are described. A total of 210 species of birds was identified in the study area, including one new to Spain, the Masked ShrikeLanius nubicus, and one new to Europe, the Sand LarkCalandrella raytal.The effect of the severe drought of 1957 on the breeding of water‐dependent species is described. A number of resident and migrant species is shown to have undergone considerable changes in status in the area since the reports of Chapman (1893) and Jourdain (1936‐37). The report is divided into two sections: species found breeding or observed to be feeding regularly in the study area and those considered to be passage migrants or vagr

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02422.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02423.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe approximate totals for each part of the range may now be tabulated(a) Northwest Africa 250 pairs(b) Western Mediterranean 130(c) Central Mediterranean 150(d) Eastern Mediterranean(i) Aegean Crete 850‐1,150 pairs(ii) Cyprus 150–300This gives a grand total of 1,550‐2,000 breeding pairs. Owing to the probable existence of undiscovered colonies not allowed for in the individual estimates, this total may be too small; on the other hand, many of the estimates for Aegean colonies were made fifty or more years ago, since when, on the analogy of the only two colonies in that area about whose history anything is known, there has probably been a decline in numbers. It should be remembered, too, that the size of many colonies has only been guessed. In spite of these uncertainties, however, I would suggest that the total world population of Eleonora's Falcons is under 4,000 birds, about half of which breed in the Aegean and Crete.The most important areas where large colonies perhaps remain to be discovered are the Dodecanese and Algeria. Birds have been recorded in summer from the Tuscan Archipelago (Arrigoni degli Oddi&Damiani 1911, Moltoni 1954), the Ligurian Sea (Giglioli 1889), Pantelleria (Moltoni 1957 a), the Adriatic (Moltoni 1957 b), the Ionian Islands (Reiser 1905) and elsewhere (e.g. Provence, Leveque&Vuilleumier 1958, and even Central Spain, Lilford 1866), and, though most of these records are from the early part of the summer, it is possible that some of them represent hitherto undiscovered breeding populations. There was once a colony at Gibraltar, but this has long since ceased to exist (Bate 1928, on palaeolithic cave remains). Irby (1895) points out that the Rev. John White's “Hobbies”, which he says bred on the Rock, must have been Eleonora's Falcons and in the seventeenth century Eleonora's Falcon bred on the lies ?Hyeres (?Arcussia 1644: 60).SummaryThe known facts about Eleonora's Falcon are brought together, and contributions to existing knowledge made, under the headings Characters, General Habits, Food, Breeding, Breeding Distribution and Numbers, Migration, and Predation. It is shown that the breeding season is from mid‐July to October, that Eleonora's Falcon is a largely crepuscular feeder, that it is a summer visitor to its breeding haunts, and that it is dimorphic. The total world population is estimated to be rather less than

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02424.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02425.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02426.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY