ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There are three isssues related to theory and practice in nursing which are continually problematic. These are: the separation of theory from practice; reality vs the ideal; and nursing adherence to a scientific paradigm versus nursing adherence to an arts paradigm. It is suggested that Shotter's ‘theory of personal action’ (1974, 1975) may form the basis for a resolution of these three issues. Applying Shotter's work, a nursing action may be defined as an action which is deliberately thought out and which has as its goal the benefit of the patient and client. The ‘deliberate thought and goal’ of the action which is an integral component of it then forms the basis of nursing theory which is concerned with reasons for and reflections on action. This immediately unites theory and practice as two components of nursing action. The use which could be made of the theory of personal action in nursing practice, research and theory building and nurse education is e

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper analyses, in terms of social facilitation and stress theories, some of the effects of the presence and actions of instructors on student nurses’ behaviour. The theories imply the existence of a paradox in the training of nurses. The aim of teaching is to reduce errors. Much of the training is done in the presence of instructors and patients. However, the presence of significant others during learning is hypothesized toincreaseerrors, due to fear of failure and embarrassment. Indeed, the analysis of students’ self‐reports describing stressful encounters with instructors indicates that the students tended to perceive the instructors as mainly evaluative. One possible solution to this paradox is to distinguish clearly between the instructive and evaluative roles, to de‐emphasize evaluation, especially during learning, thus (a) reducing potential sources of anxiety and (b) creating a more supportive learning atmosphere. It is also suggested that both instructors and students may benefit from stress‐reduction strategies, such as relaxation training and improved comm

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Breast feeding is of central importance to child survival, growth and development, especially in non‐industrialized countries. It also protects the mother against further pregnancy. In the light of the increase in the world's population, the implications of the decrease in breast feeding worldwide are serious. There is a direct association between child health and survival and breast feeding. In this paper, the contraceptive effect of breast feeding is reviewed. The emphasis is on families in non‐industrialized societies. The importance of suckling frequency and duration, and the timing of introduction of supplementary foods to the baby, are discussed. Limitations of the method, and recommendations to maximize its effectiveness, are given. It is noted that protection of breast feeding both as a means of improving child health and of spacing births will require positive action at local and at governmental lev

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐three elderly clients who had been hospitalized and required continued care at home were studied for 3 months, with 836 visits made. Coping at home was studied in relationship to their certainty/uncertainty scores, perceived level of health, and perceived satisfaction with nursing care services. The relationship between coping and certainty/uncertainty was significant at P<0.001 and P<0.005 (first and second visits); the relationship between coping and perceived level of health was significant at P<0.001 and P<0.05 (first and second visits); and the relationship between coping and perception of care was not significant. This study presents significant data to contribute to nursing knowledge in the care of elderly people at hom

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness and safety of prescribed medication theoretically depends on the patient correctly following the prescriber's instructions. However, patient compliance is often difficult to achieve. This paper discusses reasons for this in relation to elderly people, and attempts to remedy the situation are reviewed.

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The nursing staff of long‐term care facilities are often faced with the decision of whether or not to administer sleep medication when it is ordered ‘prn’. This decision should be made on the basis of information contained in the patient's nursing sleep history as well as knowledge regarding the effects of sleep medication. This study was carried out to assess the factors involved in changes in sleep patterns of elderly patients in long‐term care facilities and to evaluate the extent of use of the nursing sleep history. The sleep patterns of 102 elderly patients (mean age 78.7 years) in three long‐term care facilities were assessed by means of interview questionnaire. Patients’ records indicated that 71% were receiving some type of sleep medication on a regular basis. A quantitative analysis of their responses indicated that there were significant shifts in sleep patterns following admission. Only 54% of the patients in this study had a nursing sleep history and this contained only minimal information. The results indicate that the nursing sleep history is under‐utilized. A better appreciation of the patient's sleep requirements could lead to a reduction in the amount of sleep medication given and an improvement in the general well‐being of the long‐term care e

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of social dramatics as a clinical tool for teaching social skills to the chronically mentally ill on adult inpatient units of a state hospital. The research tested the hypothesis that patients exposed to social dramatics with videotape feedback would demonstrate greater ability to perform social skills as measured by the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE‐30). Fifteen schizophrenic adults of both sexes meeting specific criteria were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Subjects were exposed over an 8‐week period to randomly introduced social dramatic scenarios. The Wilcoxin test for two independent samples was used for testing differences between experimental and control groups. The research findings supported the hypothesis for one positive factor, social competence. The findings did not support any treatment effect on either social interest and personal neatness or irritability, manifest psychosis, and psychotic depression. There were no significant differences on the total score NOSIE‐30. Recommendations for psychiatric nursing are made. Limitations of research methodologies and sample size were ad

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This descriptive study focused on self‐esteem and types of attributional style, and their relationship to sensation and distress pain ratings. Negative correlations were hypothesized between self‐esteem and each pain rating, between positive internal type of attributional style and each pain rating, and between negative external type of attributional style and each pain rating. One hundred and nine healthy, non‐institutionalized males, aged 21–50 years, participated in this study. The Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale and revised Attributional Style Questionnaire were administered prior to the cold pressor test, a safe, short duration cold water hand immersion procedure for pain induction. Sensation and distress pain ratings were measured using visual analogue scales, and a pain history was obtained. The predicted relationship between self‐esteem and distress pain ratings was supported. All other correlations were not statistically significant. A pain history question, asking subjects to rate their pain tolerance as compared with other people, was significantly related to both pain ratings, the correlations bei

ISSN:0309-2402    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1986.tb01222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY