摘要:

The range of infrared (IR) detectors at present available is described and a comparison is made between their performances with reference to particular applications. Due to the increasing availability and use of IR sensors the problems involved in data interpretation are becoming more widely acknowledged. Hence the major part of this paper is devoted to a detailed survey of these problems and offers a guide to those wishing to use IR data either quantitatively or qualitatively. Throughout, special reference is made to airborne IR surveys and their application to building heat loss.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948786

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This review examines the importance of the thermal boundary layer of the ocean to the measurement of sea surface temperature (SST) by satcllitc-bornc infrared (IR) radiometers. Attention is focused on the difference between the temperature of the top 01mm which is observed by radiometers, and the temperature found at depths between a few centimetres and one metre, which is that recorded as bulk SST by ship measurement techniques. The question addressed is whether corrections for this effect are necessary in the light of the accuracy of IR radiometers, and the demands made by the application of SST data.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948787

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The survey procedure and subsequent development of a microcomputer processing and analysis system adopted for a thermal survey of Aberdeen City is described. Thermal shadows on the imagery are shown to reflect air-mixing patterns at ground level and the sheltering effects of natural windbreaks, whereas canopy temperatures are related to vertical air-temperature profiles, thus enabling identification of frost hollows. Determination of heal loss from buildings was found to be problematical. The technique allows pollution sources and water-mixing patterns in river estuaries and nearshore zones to be identified.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948788

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission Experiment Satellite (HCMM) are used to plot lines of constant temperature at 1° intervals for the city of Melbourne and surrounding country. Using four individual scenes, the relationship between uncalibrated, i.e. relative, surface temperature and screen daily minimum air temperature at some 26 standard meteorological stations in the greater Melbourne region was studied. It was found that the relation between the two data sources is poor for the sites taken separately but that means of daily minimum temperatures for appropriately grouped meteorological sites show a consistent linear relationship with night-time HCMM data. The HCMM data also show significant variation in surface temperatures within short distances from meteorological sites and it is concluded that surface temperatures in such an area vary on a spatial scale that is large compared with the area sampled by a standard meteorological site but small compared with an HCMM pixel. The implications are that a number of sites arc needed to characterize a region independently of site-specific effects (i.e. that appropriately grouped sites can under some circumstances be used for calibrating satellite thermal data) and that thermal imagery could provide criteria for the selection of new standard meteorological sites.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948789

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The usefulness of thermal inertia mapping for discriminating litholog-ical units was investigated using Sardinia and the Gulf of Orosei as test sites. Software designed forXANDSAT data was modified and improved for HCMM tapes. A first attempt was made to compare the geological cross-section, the topography, the infrared radiance and the thermal inertia along selected profiles of the test site. Thermal inertia profiles appear smooth in comparison with the thermal radiance. The lowest apparent thermal inertia (ATI) was found on granitic and basaltic outcrops of sufficient extent, while ATI is higher on carbonate and dolomitic or moist deposits, Almost every fault is marked by a jump in the ATI, the interval being sometimes of the order of I pixel. This seems to demonstrate the ability of ATI to detect contacts or tectonically disturbed zones with good resolution. It seems more difficult to measure the differences in ATI between homogeneous materials having different lithology. The results of ground surveys and a simulation model of diurnal temperatures of rocks having different thermal inertia are discussed.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948790

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Laboratory spectral measurements, on the components of both greenhouse and field grown winter wheat, were performed to identify the component and its appropriate response which gave rise to the extended infrared absorption or ‘red shift’ reported by Collins. Results of this study indicated that inherent intraplant adaxial (upper) leaf reflectances were of sufficient variability to suggest that an admixture of mechanisms may have utility on identifying the booting and head emergence stages in the life cycle of wheat. The physical mechanism for the shift was found to be relatively independent of the inherent variability in leaf spectra, and to be dependent upon the difference in the mode of deposition of cuticle upon the abaxial (lower) surface relative to that of the adaxial (upper) surface, ihe position of the flag leaf, and thus the surface exposed to the incident light during heading and after emergence of the head.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948791

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new instrument for the continuous direct measurement of temperature in the upper layer of the sea (within the first millimetre) is described. The technique makes use of a miniature thermistor in a surface-floating hydrophobic support. A wide range of possible applications in fields such as oceanography and climatology exist, and the method also provides a promising alternative to the conventional ‘bottle and reversing thermometers’ or ‘bucket’ methods currently used to provide in situ data for comparison with remote-sensing measurements.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948792

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A major factor limiting the accuracy of satellite infrared measurements of sea surface temperature is the inability to accurately account for the absorption and emission of the intervening atmosphere. A new method of atmospheric correction is proposed which utilizes simultaneous coverage by two satellites. The two-satellite method incorporates differences in the temperatures observed by the two satellites into a simple atmospheric model to derive a point-by-point correction for atmospheric effects. Compensation for the horizontal variability of the atmosphere is thereby achieved and the assumption of horizontal atmospheric uniformity, implicit in many previous correction techniques, is avoided. Data from the Gulf of Mexico is used to evaluate the accuracy of the method. This test case shows a mean error of − 0-40°C between surface truth and surface temperatures derived by the two-satellite technique. The standard deviation around the mean error is 10-60°C.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948793

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The TIROS-N/NOAA-A, -J series of meteorological satellites transmit imagery data to the Earth in both digital and analogue formats. The analogue data are a processed subset of the digital data and have lower resolution. A quantitative evaluation of a post-reception digitized version of this is made using the corresponding digital data as a standard. In nine comparisons the calibration of the infrared sensor on board was within 001°C. Sea surface temperature estimates from APT data were 0.3°C below the corresponding digitally transmitted data. The albedo estimates were within 0.2 per cent. Processed APT data are adequate for many mesoscale measurements in the fields of oceanography and meteorology and are more readily accessible than the digitally transmitted data.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948794

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

NOAA-6 and 7 AVHRR visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) radiance data from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) NOAA-6, 7 and 8 satellites were simulated for a black target, for bare soil and for tow, medium and high levels of green-leaf biomass. Simulations were based on measured reflectance and Dave's atmospheric models. Radiance data were generated for viewing and illumination geometry corresponding to the summer solstice, equinox and winter solstice at a latitude of 30°. The results indicate that the radiance responses to atmosphere are less for NOAA-7 geometry than for NOAA-6 and 8. Viewing in the backscatter direction has a more constant radiance response with increasing scan angle than viewing in the forward scatter direction. These results arc discussed with respect to atmospheric composition, surface reflectance and wavelength.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431168408948795

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor