摘要:

AbstractAn exciting new analytical technique based on amperometric devices used to measure immunoassays is reviewed in this article. The utility, ease, speed, simplicity, and many other advantages of performing amperometric immunoassays (AIAs) are discussed throughout the review. Limitations are also described, with electrochemical comparisons being made between AIAs and other conventional analytical methods, including potentiometric immunoassays. The review essentially consists of a general AIA overview, followed by sections devoted to amperometric electrode types, assay design, basic principles, automation, application, and future use.Operational features of oxygen gas selective electrodes and oxidoreductase probes are discussed for a better understanding of AIA principles. Characteristics, limits, advantages, and disadvantages of these different devices are presented. A variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous AIAs are described, together with many applications of the different assay formats available. AIAs are classified according to the electrode type employed, enzyme labels required, or electrochemical components involved. Important related AIAs discussed include pulse agglutination reactions and bioaffinity or displacement assays.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369009105895

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractPercutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis, is a newly introduced technique that enables blood samples to be obtained from the fetusin uterofor a variety of conditions. The major applications are for the diagnosis of fetal infections, karyotype analysis, fetal growth retardation, diagnosis of hematologic conditions, and metabolic evaluation. This procedure is gaining in popularity, since it provides direct information on fetal blood status. It can be applied to therapeutic manipulations such asin uterotransfusions or drug administration. The procedure is remarkably safe and has few technical problems. The applicability of its use in the assessment of fetal thrombocytopenia is also discussed in detail.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369009105896

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractIntense research efforts have been directed toward characterizing mediators that control the inflammatory response and regulate the growth, differentiation, and function of cells involved in inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor, or cachectin, and members of a heterogeneous group of peptides called interleukins exhibit a wide spectrum of activities, some of which appear to influence the evolution of inflammatory processes. This review outlines the observations that have led to our current understanding of the biology of tumor necrosis factor and the interleukins. Particular attention is directed toward the evidence suggesting that these cytokines function as mediators of inflammatory responses.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369009105897

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe science of blood rheology (study of the flow and deformability of blood) is of increasing practical importance to the investigation of blood disorders. In diagnostic laboratories, rheological tests such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, zeta sedimentation ratio, and plasma viscosity are used to monitor patients with an acute-phase response of>24 h duration. In sickle-cell anemia, new methods for measuring erythrocyte deformability can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusion, to test potential anti-sickling drugs, and to monitor drug efficacy in clinical trials. Genetic defects in the structure of the red cell membrane can have rheological consequences, monitoring of which may be useful for diagnosis. Rheological analysis of red cells infected byPlasmodium falciparumhas indicated that their abnormal flow behavior may be an important pathological factor in malaria. Finally, the flow behavior of white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, is also important, as these cells, once activated, have the potential to occlude microvessels. The authors have reviewed the laboratory methodology and clinical applications that have led to recent advances in these aspects of blood rheology.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369009105898

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor