摘要:

These spiders resemble fossil spiders of the Carboniferous. Although they are unique in retaining several primitive characters it is thought best to include them in the sub‐Order Mygalomorphae and to abandon the special sub‐Order Liphistiomorphae.The family Heptathelidae to include those species with seven instead of eight spinnerets as in the Liphistiidae is also abandoned.The speciesLiphistius thorelliSim. from Sumatra is regarded as a synonym of the other Sumatran speciesL. sumatranusThor.Eight species ofLiphistiusand two ofHeptathelaare now recognized. Their distribution is confined, according to present knowledge, to Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Japan, Malaysia and Sumatra. This may provide useful evidence in the question, as yet unsettled, of the origin of south‐east Asia in terms of continental drift.A special visit has been paid to Sumatra to rediscoverLiphistius sumatranus(of which only one specimen was found and described in 1879) to establish with certainty that it is distinct from the MalaysianL. desultor. This was achieved and the species are now compared.Some biological observations are pro

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Oncopus feaeThor. is a rare and archaic opilionid from Penang. A new Sub‐Order is formed for the Asian family Oncopodidae and this specimen becomes the topotype of the species.Phoroncidia lygeanaWalck. of which the male now described from Sumatra was hitherto unknown.Three species of Sumatran argiopid spider were seen to undergo instantaneous colour changes when forced to drop from their web

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The larval development of two species ofMacrobrachiumreared in sea water is described. In one of these species,M. equidens(Dana), the larvae metamorphosed successfully in normal sea water whilst in the other,Macrobrachiumsp., the postlarvae were only obtained in water of slightly lower salinity. Descriptions of the larval stages of both species are given and compared with larvae of other species ofMacrobrachium.

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A skull, three immature mandibles and a number of isolated teeth belonging toDeinotherium bozasihave been collected from Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya.D. bozasiis the youngest representative of the family Deinotheriidae and the skull is the most complete yet found of this taxon. The East Rudolf specimens are contrasted with comparable specimens ofProdeinotherium hobleyifrom East and North Africa and ofDeinotherium giganteumfrom Europe. The size and morphology of the cranial vault of the East Rudolf skull confirms allocation to the genusDeinotheriumbut other dental and cranial evidence confirms taxonomic differentiation fromD. giganteumand direct descent fromP. hobleyi.Although the postcranial elements ofD. bozasiare poorly known it is considered unlikely that this species developed the cursorial adaptations ofD. giganteum.The extinction ofD. bozasiis attributable to major changes in ecologic conditions towards the end of the early Pleistocen

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Patterns of ciliary currents of 35 species of Atlantic reef corals are described and compared with currents of Pacific corals. Observations were made during the day and at night, during feeding and without food. There is a basic pattern of ciliary currents common to both Atlantic and Pacific species. In all but the family Agaricidae currents flow off the oral disk and up or out between the tentacles. In the centre of the disk region currents flow towards the mouth or the peristome. On the polyp stalk or column there was considerable variation between species in both Atlantic and Pacific forms. In some species currents flow downwards toward the coenosarc while in others, current pass up the stalk towards the tentacles.In the Atlantic Agaricidae there may be an inward flow towards the mouth, an outward flow or a unidirectional flow across the corallum. The patterns of flow depend upon the state of contraction of the polyps or the shape and proximity of adjacent polyps.No ciliary current reversal was observed in Atlantic species. Ciliary currents are functional as a cleansing mechanism and facilitated the ability of mucus nets and strands to gather particles.

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of baiting a Longworth trap with whole oats and the density of traps on an area, or sampling intensity, on trapping and estimating Wood mice were studied on two neighbouring woodland plots in November 1971. Standard capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) methods were used for two weeks followed by five nights of removal trapping.The presence of bait significantly increased the likelihood of capturing marked and unmarked animals. By increasing the sampling intensity a greater proportion of the population was sampled, although the number of animals captured per trap night decreased. These results have been related to the “effective” number of traps on an area.Observations on population structure, weather, movement and capturing marked and unmarked animals have been made. CMR population estimates closely resembled the cumulative number of individuals captured in each study and were for the main part lower than the estimates from the removal trapping carried out at the end of the

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six families of the cryptic moth,Allophyes oxyucanthae, four of which contained both the typical and melanic forms of this polymorphic species, were tested for evidence of resting site selection in a large box lined with oak bark of three reflectances. Moths from different families were tested separately. Typicals from all four families tended to show a preference for the background which most closely matched their reflectance and on which they were most cryptic. Melanic moths from different families showed different resting site selection behaviour; those from two families preferring dark bark, on which melanics were most cryptic, while those from other families did not. The significance of these results in relation to previous suggestions about the control of resting site selection is discussed

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The correlation of series of two darkly‐staining lines in the tooth cementum of tropical African mammals from areas of bimodal equatorial rainfall is briefly reviewed, and contrasted with the findings in southern Africa where bi‐annual lines are claimed for areas of unimodal rainfall. A sample of African buffalo teeth from a unimodal rainfall area in southern Tanzania was examined and the conclusion reached that, in general, one dark line per year was formed. A miscellaneous selection of mainly known age animals was also examined with varied results. Anomalies in the apparent formation of cementum lines are discus

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The mating calls ofBufo viridispopulations from Israel were studied and compared with that of a Central‐European population in order to evaluate their nature, variation and evolutionary origin. In IsraeliBufo viridis, call duration, pulse duration and interpulse interval are negatively correlated with temperature, whereas fundamental frequency is negatively correlated with body size. The Israeli and Central‐EuropeanBufo viridisare almost identical in call duration, pulse number, pulse duration and pulse rate. They differ slightly but significantly in interpulse interval and more obviously, in their fundamental frequency. The latter is correlated with body size. Since IsraeliBufo viridisare much larger than the Central‐European ones, their fundamental frequency is distinctly lower.Bufo viridisillustrates a case in which variation in the fundamental frequency of the mating call is probably largely an incidental product of adaptive differentiation of body size to the humidity

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY