摘要:

SummaryThe external structure of the cleaning organ or brush situated on the tarsus of the pedipalp in the Amblypygi has been examined in the following six species from tropical and southern Africa:Damon variegatus(Perty)Damon medius(Herbst),Titanodamon johnstoniPocock,Phrynichus scullyiPurcell,Phrynichus bacillifer(Gerst.) andHemiphrynus machadoiFage.In all except one of these species the organ consists of two approximately parallel rows of modified setae; inHemiphrynus machadoithere is only one. When both rows are present the constituent setae of each are quite different in appearance and structure.It is probable that the variations in number, size and shape of the setae in these forms furnish specific characters; further indirect support for this is afforded by the marked difference in the structure of the organ inHemiphrynusas compared with the other five species; taxonomicallyHemiphrynusbelongs to the subfamily Tarantulinae while all the others are accommodated in the Phrynicinae or Damoninae.A brush‐like cleaning organ of some kind is found on the pedipalp‐tarsus of both old and new world Amblypygi and most probably in all members of the or

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The structure of the alimentary tract of the third stage infective larva ofNippostrongylus brasiliensishas been described. The cuticle which lines the buccal cavity and oesophagus differs from that which lines the mouth and covers the external surface of the nematode. The oesophagus is a cellular structure and is not, as previously thought, a syncytium. The secretory granules of the oesophageal glands are surrounded by multi‐layered membranes which give a myelinated appearance to the granules. The cells of the oesophago‐intestinal junction are lined with cuticle and are presumably part of the stomodaeum. The intestine is thin‐walled and the cells bear short, widely spaced microvilli. The lumen of the intestine contains whorls of membranes which are probably phospholipid and could act as a food reserve for the larva. The rectum and anus are lined with cu

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Investigations of the burrowing activity ofDentalium, using cine film and electronic recording techniques, have shown it to penetrate the sand in a series of steps, each termed a “digging cycle”. Cycles involve first, pedal dilation, second, retraction followed by extension and probing of the foot. The epipodial lobes are elevated during pedal dilation and form a secure pedal anchor so that at retraction the shell is drawn down over the foot.A comparison of the burrowing process in the Scaphopoda with that of the Bivalvia indicates that essentially the same mechanisms and sequence of activities are involved, for in both digging consists of the integration of pedal protraction and retraction with the application of shell and pedal anchors. The principal differences, such as the absence inDentaliumof water jets to loosen the sand and high pressures in the pedal haemocoele, are related to the form of their shell. The strength of the pedal anchor was determined and, relative to the weight ofDentalium, is comparable to that of bivalves. In contrast the probing force was relatively weak since the shell anchor ofDentalium, which holds the shell still during probing, is largely limited to its own weight, whereas that attained by the Bivalvia is principally due to the valves being pressed against the substrate by the opening moment of the ligam

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Branchiura sowerbyiBeddard was probably introduced to Britain with exotic plants consigned to botanic gardens. The British populations occur mainly in artificially warmed habitats such as lily ponds in botanic gardens and power station effluents but a few are found at natural temperatures.Branchiuracompleted its life cycle in about a year both in the river Avon, Wiltshire, at natural temperatures and in the warm effluent from a power station discharging into the river Thames. In a worm culture maintained at natural temperatures the rate of cocoon production reached a peak in summer and was closely related to temperature.In the laboratory it was found that the optimum temperature for cocoon laying in mature worms, also growth in sexually immature worms, was near 25°C. The optimum temperature for growth in sexually mature worms, however, was lower (10°C in the Avon population and 15°C in the Thames population). It followed that at 20°–25°C the growth of sexually mature worms was probably depressed by the high rate of cocoon prod

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ten new species ofHaliotremafrom Australian fish are described and figured:H. cteno‐chaetisp. n.fromCtenochaetus strigosus; H. falcanalissp. n.fromTriacanthus falcanalis; H. lineatesp. n.fromAcanthurus lineatus; H. chrysotaeniaesp. n.fromLutjanuschrysotaenia; H. cromileptissp. n.fromCromileptis altivelis; H. epinephelisp. n.fromEpinephelus merraandE. fasciatus; H. holocentrisp. n.fromHolocentrus ruber; Haliotrema chrysostomisp. n.fromLethrinus chrysostomusandPlectorhinchus pictus; H. fletisp. n.n. fromL. fletusandL. chrysostomus; H. scarisp. N.fromScarus fasciatus.H. dempsteri(Mizelle&Price, 1964)comb. n.fromAcanthrus mata, A. dussumieriandA. xanthopterus: H. johnii(Tripathi, 1959)comb. n.fromLutjanus johniandL. fulviflamma: H. parahaliotrema(Mizelle&Price, 1964)comb. n.fromZebrasoma veliferumandA. grammoptilus:andH. obesa(Caballero, Bravo Hollis&Grocott, 1955)comb. n.fromTetraodon hispidusare redescribed and transferred from the generaParahaliotremaMizelle&Price, 1964,AncyrocephalusCreplin, 1839,Parahaliotrema, andTetrancistrumGoto&Kikuchi, 1917 respectively.H. brevis(Mizelle&Price, 1964)comb, n.,H. canescens(Mizelle&Price, 1964)comb. n.andH. zanclus(Mizelle&Price, 1964)comb. n.are transferred fromPseudohaliotremaYamaguti, 1953;H. eilatica(Paperna, 1965)comb. n.,H. teuthis(MacCallum, 1915)comb. n.,H. triacantha(Tripathi, 1959)comb. n.andH. lethrini(Yamaguti, 1937)comb. n.are transferred fromAncyrocephalusCreplin, 1839.The generic diagnosis is emended to include the above‐mentioned species and the taxonomy of the genus is discussed and the formation of six species groups is propo

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hibernation is a vital factor in the ability of bats to survive in temperate countries where insect availability is drastically reduced in winter. The value of hibernation in survival lies in the reduction of the bat's metabolic rate to very low levels, thus reducing their food requirements.The selection of a site which fulfils the physiological requirements of hibernation must be important in the survival of the Greater horse‐shoe bat. The present study shows that temperature is particularly important in the selection of a precise position for hibernation. The temperature required, however, varies throughout the winter.In England this bat finds suitable conditions in caves, mines, tunnels, cellars, and house attics. All are dark where the bats are found and offer protection from predators. These considerations are not sufficient to explain the distribution of this bat in hibernation.The present study shows that a large proportion of the population feeds outside the hibernaculum at times during the hibernation period. The evidence suggests that starvation is a cause of death. Hence it is not only the conditions inside the hibernacula which are important in the winter survival of a bat population. The environmental conditions outside may be just as vital.The Greater horse‐shoe bat is vulnerable since the bulk of its population depends upon relatively few sites. Its reproductive rate is very low and active conservation is needed in England, since populations are small. If conservation is to be successful however, both the physical conditions within hibernacula, and the environmental conditions outside will have to be satisfact

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A two year study was carried out onGehyra variegata(Dumeril&Bibron) in the Pilliga Scrub by means of visits of six days duration in each month of the year. Animals were individually marked by toe‐clipping and a mark‐recapture programme was carried out throughout the study.This arboreal gecko lives below the bark of dead trees or stumps most commonly at a height of two to three feet from the ground.The mark‐recapture programme provided extensive data on the population, its movements, growth, tail loss and regeneration. Monthly samples were collected for intestinal analysis and for gonadal studies. These together with behavioural observations provided a well corroborated picture of the biology of this small gekkonid l

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb05041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY