摘要:

An experiment is described that aimed at evaluating a principle of dynamic task allocation (DTA) of conflict resolution between aircraft in air-traffic control on a large scale simulator. It included three cognitive agents: the radar controller (RC), in charge of conflict detection and resolution; the planning controller (PC), in charge of entry-exit coordination and of workload regulation; and a conflict resolution computer system (SAINTEX), able to manage only simple conflicts. Within this three-agent paradigm, three conditions were compared: (a) a control condition (without computer assistance); (b) an explicit condition (PC and RC in charge of the allocation); and (c) an assisted explicit condition (SAINTEX proposed allocations which could be changed by PC). Comparisons were made on the basis of a detailed cognitive analysis of verbal protocols. The more the assistance, the more anticipative the mode of operation in controllers and the easier the human-human cooperation (HHC). These positive effects of the computer support are interpreted in terms of decreased workload and increased shared information space. In addition, the more the controllers felt responsible for task allocation, the more they criticized the machine operation.

ISSN:1050-8414    

DOI:10.1207/s15327108ijap0801_1

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test battery currently used for pilot selection to the Norwegian Air Force. Selection is currently based on a standard battery of 20 different psychological tests as well as on medical tests and on an interview by a licensed psychologist. First, two-factor analyses were conducted to examine the relation between the tests in the battery. Then, a correlation study was conducted to evaluate the predictive validity of the tests against two criteria of pilot performance collected during the basic training period. Finally, a small-scale meta-analysis of previous validation studies in Norway was conducted. The best predictors of success in training, based on the meta-analysis, were Instrument Comprehension (r = .29), Mechanical Principles (r = .23), and Aviation Information (r = .22)

ISSN:1050-8414    

DOI:10.1207/s15327108ijap0801_2

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Automated aids and decision support tools are rapidly becoming indispensable tools in high-technology cockpits and are assuming increasing control of "cognitive" flight tasks, such as calculating fuel-efficient routes, navigating, or detecting and diagnosing system malfunctions and abnormalities. This study was designed to investigate automation bias, a recently documented factor in the use of automated aids and decision support systems. The term refers to omission and commission errors resulting from the use of automated cues as a heuristic replacement for vigilant information seeking and processing. Glass-cockpit pilots flew flight scenarios involving automation events or opportunities for automation-related omission and commission errors. Although experimentally manipulated accountability demands did not significantly impact performance, post hoc analyses revealed that those pilots who reported an internalized perception of "accountability" for their performance and strategies of interaction with the automation were significantly more likely to double-check automated functioning against other cues and less likely to commit errors than those who did not share this perception. Pilots were also likely to erroneously "remember" the presence of expected cues when describing their decision-making processes.

ISSN:1050-8414    

DOI:10.1207/s15327108ijap0801_3

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In en route air traffic control, task analyses assume that the planning controller detects potential problems to alleviate the radar controller's workload. Ten expert controllers were involved in a full-scope simulation study, and displacements of flight strips were analyzed as a function of the controller and as a function of the role these motor acts have in indicating problem detection, monitoring the ongoing resolution, or sending the aircraft to other control positions. Task analysis assumptions related to the ongoing resolution and to the end of problems were confirmed. But contrary to task analysis assumptions, results reveal that conflict situations are detected by the radar controller. In line with previous field observations, this striking result raises a serious problem about the validity of the putative anticipatory role attributed to the planning controller.

ISSN:1050-8414    

DOI:10.1207/s15327108ijap0801_4

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Biased judgments of size and distance are encountered with all types of imaging displays, and the literature on visual perception is replete with violations of the size-distance invariance hypothesis, including the paradoxical moon illusion. To sort out the basic variables that relate these seemingly unrelated events calls for unfettered multifactor experimentation rather than the severe reduction of traditional psychophysical methodology. The high correlation among the focal distance of the eyes, apparent size, and changes in the locus of the retinal blind spot would never have been discovered if all cues to distance other than accommodation had been eliminated, as called for by experimental reductionists.

ISSN:1050-8414    

DOI:10.1207/s15327108ijap0801_5

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor