摘要:

Within the primates the front dentition plays a major role in the classification of the different taxa. The extant strepsirhines are clearly characterized by the possession of a tooth comb. Tarsius differs in this complex by a construction which remembers the beak of an owl (vertically implanted medial incisors, upper pair bigger than mandibular pair). The front teeth of the extinct Microchoeridae are described. The dental formula of the group is discussed and compared with the Omomyidae. The wear pattern presents evidence of a dental comb as early as the Late Eocene.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156088

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A scapular fragment from the Upper Fossil Wood Zone, Quarry I, Fayum Depression, Egypt, is assigned to the taxon Apidium phiomense. This animal may have approximated the size of Galago crassicaudatus or Nycticebus coucang, as predicted by regressing body weight on glenoid surface area and fossa length for an assortment of living primates. Morphometric values for spinoglenoid, axilloglenoid, and axillospinal angles indicate locomotor affinities of A. phiomense with colobine monkeys. Other nonmetric traits align the fossil with Saimiri sciureus, probably its closest behavioral analogue. A. phiomense is thus characterized as an arboreal quadruped with a locomotor repertoire that includes a considerable amount of leaping and the use of forelimbs for clinging and/or suspending during landing.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156089

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Interspecific differences in craniodental morphology among Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla are analyzed. These apes differ in both diet and body size, and thus present an excellent example in which to apply an allometric criterion of subtraction in order to determine morphological differences which might be related to divergent dietary specialization. The use of ontogenetic allometry in particular as a criterion of subtraction is discussed. Bivariate and multivariate results indicate that most of the variation in skull form among the species relates to the extension of a common growth trend to different sizes. Comparative analysis of growth trajectories reveals a number of differences, but none that appear to relate to a reorganization of skull proportions which might correspond to a dietary shift towards increased folivory. The dentition clearly exhibits non-allometric shape changes corresponding to the dietary differences, however. The meaning of these differences between cranial and dental patterns is discussed.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156090

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A specimen of juvenile gorilla was found that had the premaxillary-maxillary suture coursing between the lateral deciduous incisor and deciduous canine on one side of the jaw, but between the central and lateral deciduous incisors on the other; in the latter, the suture also separates the alveolus of the lateral deciduous incisor from the crypt of the growing successional lateral incisor. Rather than dismiss this exception to the traditional dictum of tooth identification – which is based on the position to teeth relative to this suture – as some inconsequential anomaly, an attempt is made to understand how this can occur within the confines of present understanding of dentofacial growth and development and developmental theory. An hypothesis relating tooth and tooth class identification is presented in the context of ectomesenchymally predifferentiated stem progenitors and subsequent tooth class proliferat

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156091

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Field recordings of male loud calls (or roars) from each major form of black-and-white colobus monkey have been analyzed spectrographically, and features of tempo and pitch measured. Considered together with data on cranial dimensions, coat pattern, and geographical distribution, the results of this analysis suggest that there are five species of black-and-white colobus: Colobus angolensis, C. guereza, C. polykomos, C. satanas, and C. vellerosus. C. guereza and C. vellerosus may have differentiated most recently during a major arid event prior to the last Pleistocene glacial maximum; they have an identical low-pitched roar which we consider to be a shared, derived character. The other species, of which C. satanas has the most distinct roar, may belong to older lineages.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156092

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Sound spectrograms of vocalizations recorded from ‘Gothic arch’ squirrel monkeys were examined for shared structural characteristics. A rapidly descending element, the ‘mast’, was found to be diagnostic for a group of variable but structurally similar vocalizations called chucks. In addition to the mast, a variable FM element (‘flag’) and a terminal noisy element (‘cackle’) formed a basic 3-element structural unit. A review of functional studies suggests that this flag-mast-cackle structure is used by the squirrel monkey and a variety of other New World primates in circumstances involving close

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156093

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Bonnet (Macaca radiata) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) macaque females were observed during the breeding season to evaluate differences in mating strategies between females without infants and females with dependent offspring. Rhesus nonmothers participated in consortships earlier in the breeding season and initiated and received more approaches with adult males than rhesus mothers did. Bonnet nonmothers entered estrus earlier, began copulating earlier, and approached and presented to adult males more often than bonnet mothers did. Interacting with males frequently and early in the breeding season may improve nonmothers’ chances of conceiving and bringing offspring to term, with little competition from mother peer

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156094

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Brachiation was the main form of locomotion and took place along branches and boughs in the upper canopy. The posture during feeding depended on the substrate, with the gibbons sitting on branches but hanging in twigs. During foraging the gibbons hung more, even on branches, but as only short stops were made this is probably to increase mobility. Feeding on fruit took place mainly in the middle canopy on small trees; feeding on leaves and foraging occurred evenly throughout the middle and upper canopies. Gibbons are light mobile animals with a rapid and direct form of locomotion that enables them to exploit dispersed food sources and to defend a large territory.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156095

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Lemur catta male exchange occurred throughout the reserve at Berenty and affected change in the composition of most, if not all, of the twelve troops in the reserve. Males migrate into troops with which they are already familiar. Inter-troop encounters may serve to increase a male’s knowledge of a potential new home. Extensive overlap in home ranges may facilitate this process. An important result of migration in L. catta is the avoidance of inbreeding in a species whose females form stable groups over long periods of time and do not breed out of their troo

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156096

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1983

数据来源: Karger