摘要:

The occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), recognition that it is a new scrapie‐like disease epidemic in domestic cattle in the United Kingdom and concern of a remote zoonotic potential has, in four years, produced a plethora of documented information. While much of this information has been communicated outwith the scientific literature, this review attempts to summarise, from a neuropathological viewpoint, the main findings to emerge. The initial studies established the nosological homology of BSE with the subacute spongiform encephalopathies or “prion” diseases of animals and man. Epidemiological data are consistent with an extended common source epidemic originating from an abrupt change, commencing in 1981‐82, in the exposure of domestic cattle to a scrapie‐like agent in meat and bone meal incorporated into commercial animal feedstuffs. It is currently proposed that the method of production of meat and bone meal has contributed vital factors to the change in exposure. Invariability of the distribution pattern of vacuolar pathology in the natural disease and on primary transmission to cattle suggests a uniformity of the pathogenesis of BSE. Studies in mice suggest uniformity also of the biological properties of different BSE isolates but indicate that the properties differ from those of sheep scrapie isolates. Human health risks, although perceived to be negligible, have been addressed by various strategies including statutory measures and long term m

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The spectrum of non‐meningothelial mesenchymal tumors that may arise within the central nervous system is presented, based on the current classification of soft tissue tumors. Among malignant types, hemangiopericytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma are the most frequent ones. Rare tumor entities are mentioned. As in soft tissue sarcomas, diagnosis is mainly based on light and electron microscopy, while immunohistochemistry can improve accuracy of diagnosi

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Interaction between various subclasses of inflammatory cells (ICs) and endothelial cells (ECs) lining selective blood vessels of the mammalian blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is an initial, important event during inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we will present a brief ultracytochemical and immunocytochemical assessment of our perspective on this intimate cellular interaction which has been described recently in conditions that involve immunological alterations of the BBB. We will discuss some morphological aspects of what is currently known about acute and chronic inflammatory BBB disorders that are involved in inflammatory processes. We will focus, in particular, on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for human multiple sclerosis (MS). Many of the past and more recent concepts found in the literature concerning IC attachment and diapedesis, as well as our own experimental efforts over more than two decades will be presente

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The central nervous system has long been considered an immunologically privileged site. Nevertheless, cells derived from the bone marrow can and do enter the CNS in a number of circumstances. Derivatives of the monocyte/macrophage lineage appear to enter and take up residence in various structures of the CNS as part of normal ontogeny and physiology. Immunocompetent cells, such as T‐lymphocytes of both CD4 and CD8 positive groups, enter the nervous system in what appears to be a random fashion when they are activated by antigenic stimulation. These lymphocytes perform the required immunological surveillance of the CNS, and initiate inflammation therein during infectious and autoimmune reactions. In this review, the evidence supporting the above observations is examined, and a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory reactions is presente

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As a prerequisite of inflammatory lesion formation in (auto‐)immune disease of the central nervous system, lymphocytes have to interact with brain endo‐thelia. In recent years much progress has been made towards a better understanding of mechanisms and factors involved in organ specific homing of lymphocytes. Many lines of evidence indicate that T lymphocytes recognizing antigens which are exclusively beyond the blood‐brain barrier cross this barrier only when they are in an activated state, irrespective of their antigen specificity. Antigen presentation by blood‐brain barrier endothelia, however, may play a role in later stages of florid infla

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The migration of inflammatory cells through the blood‐brain barrier in health and disease involves complex interactions between hematogenous cells, endothelial cells, the basement membrane and the perivascular glia limitans. Recent evidence is presented, suggesting that part of these interactions involve antigen independent mechanisms, mediated by cellular adhesion molecules. The accessibility of endothelial adhesion molecules in the intact blood‐brain barrier is lower compared to vessels in other organs. This may account for the low traffic of hematogenous cells through the normal blood‐brain barrier. However, in inflammatory conditions the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules is upregulated, which may lead to recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lesions. Antigen specific activation of T‐ceiis at the blood‐brain barrier apparently takes place mainly at perivascular monocytes and microglia cells. In severe inflammatory lesions, however, astrocytes may be additionally involved in antigen pre

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In July 1990, the Eberhard‐Karls University of Tübingen held a memorial ceremony on the occasion of the erection of a stone in burial ground X of the City Cemetery, to commemorate those victims of Nazi terror whose bodies were used during the years 1933–1945 for medical research and student teaching. The following is a transcript of the memorial speech given by Jürgen Peiffer, Emeritus Professor of Neuropath

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

XI International Congress of Neuropathology, Kyoto, Japan, September 2 ‐ 8, 19

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Textbook of Neuropathology Edited by R.L. Davis and D.M. RobertsonNervous System, Muscle and Eyes Systemic Pathology. Volume 4, Third Editon. Edited by R.O. Weller

ISSN:1015-6305    

DOI:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY