摘要:

AbstractMagnetic resonance images (MRI) of brachial plexus anatomy bilaterally, not possible by plain radiographs or CT, were presented to the Vascular Surgery, Neurology, and the Neurosurgery departments. Patients were requested for MRI of their brachial plexus. They were referred for imaging and the imaging results were presented to the faculty and housestaff. Our technique was accepted and adopted to begin referrals for MRI evaluation of brachial plexopathy. Over 175 patients have been studied. Eighty‐five patients were imaged with the 1.5 Tesla magnet (Signa; General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) 3‐D reconstruction MRI. Coronal, transverse (axial), oblique transverse, and sagittal plane T1‐weighted and selected T2‐weighted pulse sequences were obtained at 4–5 mm slice thickness, 40–45 full field of view, and a 512 × 256 size matrix. Saline water bags were used to enhance the signal between the neck and the thorax. Sites of brachial plexus compromise were demonstrated. Our technique with 3‐D reconstruction increased the definition of brachial plexus pathology. The increased anatomical definition enabled the vascular surgeons and neurosurgeons to improve patient care. Brachial plexusin vivoanatomy as displayed by MRI, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and 3‐D reconstruction offered an opportunity to augment the teaching of clinical anatomy to medical students and health professionals. Selected case presentations (body builder, anomalous muscle, fractured clavicle, thyroid goiter, silicone breast implant rupture, and cervical rib) demonstrated compromise of the brachial plexus displayed by MRI. The MRI and 3‐D reconstruction techniques, demonstrating the bilateral landmark anatomy, increased the definition of the clinical anatomy and resulted in greater knowledge of patient care management. © 1

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe sectional anatomy of the pelvic connective tissue was studied in plastinated sections of fetal and adult pelves, by computed tomography and by magnetic resonance imaging. The comparative study of the different specimens shows that the pelvic connective tissue consists of three compartments: a presacral compartment, a perirectal compartment, and a paravisceral compartment. The content and the borders of the compartments are described. Furthermore the pelvic fasciae and the pelvic ligaments are studied within the different specimens. A thin pelvic visceral fascia can only be found around the perirectal compartment. In tomographical anatomy the so called supportive ligaments of the uterus are only composed of the round ligaments and the sacrouterine ligaments. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, I

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationships between lymph vessels and veins are of clinical importance for the prevention of injury to collectors and resulting edema after removal of veins. Injection preparations of the lymph vessels and veins showed that on the dorsum of the foot the collectors overcross the veins; however, in all remaining areas they undercross them. Only the great saphenous vein is overcrossed by lymph collectors. It also has accompanying lymph vessels but its vascular sheath, however, does not contain any lymph vessels. The position of the collectors depends on the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. On the dorsum of the foot the lymphatics are often closely bound up with the corium; on the lower leg, however, they are embedded in the adipose tissue. Some collectors are closely related to perforator veins. In the knee region the lymph bundle ascends dorsomedially to the medial condylus of the femur. On the thigh, where the subcutaneous fatty tissue is thick, the collectors form three layers. The superficial inguinal lymph nodes draining the leg and the external genitalia are situated around the saphenous opening and are closely related to the subinguinal venous star, so that in surgical intervention the collectors of this region are more exposed to danger than in other regions. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, I

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEchogenicity of the normal fetal telencephalic choroid plexus was characterized anatomically in 102 consecutive antenatal abdominal ultrasonographic examinations. Echogenicity of the plexus was observed only during the second trimester, first appearing at week 13 and disappearing after week 23. We suggest that this echogenicity may be due to different stages of glycogen chemistry in the plexus. The knowledge that telencephalic echogenicity is confined to the second trimester should help detect diseases that cause focal areas of echogenicity in fetal life. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, I

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland are to be noted: a pyramidal lobe, failure of the lobes of thyroid tissue to develop, failure of the isthmus to fuse, and absence of a significant part of the lateral lobes. We encountered failure of the isthmus to fuse in the midline of the thyroid gland in a 48‐year‐old female cadaver. © 1995 WiIey‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe persistence of embryonic carotid‐basilar and carotid‐vertebral anastomoses was investigated retrospectively in 4,400 cerebral angiograms. Six primitive persistent carotid‐basilar anastomoses and one primitive persistent carotid‐vertebral anastomosis were found. In 4,400 cerebral angiograms, the incidence of primitive carotid‐basilar and carotid‐vertebral anastomoses was 0.14% and 0.023% respectively. Primitive persistent anastomoses are associated with intracranial vascular anomalies, especially aneurysms. The clinical and pathological findings in combination with these primitive persistentanastomoses were also examined. © 1995 WiI

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasurements of the maximum width and depth of the intertubercular sulcus (ITS), angles of the medial and lateral walls with the floor of the ITS, as well as the length of the humerus in 100 right and 100 left matched, unpaired dry humeri of 100 adults were statistically analyzed. Since 90–95% of the general population is right handed, on the basis of altered size of the dimensions of the right ITS relative to the left, it is proposed that greater width and smaller angles of the medial and lateral walls of the ITS of one side are indicative of handedness on that side. Handedness can further be deduced by the presence of a<50° angle of the medial wall and of a supratubercular ridge of Meyer on that side. The length of the humerus correlated with the width and depth of the ITS (P<0.001). Regression equations of the length of the humerus on width, depth, as well as width and depth of the ITS have been derived. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractModern surgical and radiological techniques dictate a reappraisal and definition of the renal venous anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and morphometry of additional renal veins. One hundred fifty‐three morphologically normal en bloc renal specimens were randomly selected from post‐mortem examinations. Single additional renal veins were common on the right side (26%), while it was rare on the left side (2.6%). Second additional renal veins occurred infrequently on the right side (5%). Since additional renal veins may be encountered more than occasionally, it is worthwhile emphasizing their presence particularly to the transplant surgeon and the angiologist. © 1995 WiIey‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSacral edema is a widely recognized clinical sign. Hitherto there has been no method of radiological confirmation, nor has the anatomy of this sign been well described. In a prospective study of 100 patients referred for abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT), 17 showed radiological evidence of sacral edema. It was demonstrated clinically in 12 of these 17 patients, leaving five patients with apparent CT evidence of sacral edema in whom this was not demonstrated clinically. In two patients with clinical evidence of sacral edema, their tissue planes in this region appeared normal on CT. The edema fluid accumulates in an intermediate plane of fibrous tissue within the subcutaneous fatty layer of the trunk. In those 17 patients with CT evidence of edema, the center of the fluid accumulation was situated over the lumbar rather than the sacral spine, suggesting that the term “sacral” edema is something of a misnomer. © 1995 WiIey‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMultiple‐choice questions (MCQ) are widely used to evaluate students in the health sciences, including anatomy. Unusual responses in 90 simple MCQ examinations have been identified and classified as to cause, including a number of illustrated examples. About one‐quarter of these errors were attributable to the teacher and could have been avoided by a critical analysis of the questions before use. The increasing use of sophisticated formats of the MCQ in medical education indicates that teachers need to analyze their questions more carefully before and after actual tests to minimize errors. © 1995 WiIey‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980080111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY