摘要:

After 9–21 days without oral hygiene eleven experimental subjects with previously excellent oral hygiene and healthy gingivae developed heavy accumulations of plaque and generalized mild gingivitis. The individual rate of development of gingivitis was closely correlated with the rate of plaque accumulation. Characteristic bacteriological changes were revealed in the plaque along the gingival margin during this experiment. Initially, i.e. when the teeth were clean and the gingiva healthy, the extremely sparse plaque flora consisted almost exclusively of gram‐positive cocci and rods. The first phase of plaque development occurred during the first 2 days without oral hygiene and consisted of a proliferation of the gram‐positive cocci and rods and an addition of about 30 per cent gram‐negative cocci and rods. During the second phase (after 1–4 days) fusobacteria and filaments appeared and increased until they each made up about seven per cent of the flora. During the third phase (after 4–9 days) the flora was supplemented with spirilla and spirochetes, and at the end of the period without oral hygiene each of these two groups of organisms accounted for about two per cent of the plaque flora. In specific areas the gingival condition was correlated with the composition of the plaque and it was found that mild gingivitis could be diagnosed clinically at approximately the same time as the complex flora was established. However, sub‐clinical inflammation started much earlier, probably as a reaction to the first phases of plaque development. When oral hygiene was reinstituted, the plaque in most areas disappeared in 1–2 days and after 7–11 days the Plaque Index for each subject was as low as before the experiment. Correspondingly, after 1–2 days most tooth surfaces only harbored the original sparse flora of gram‐positive cocci and rods. The gingival inflammation in an area usually disappeared one day after the pl

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The bacteriology of gingival crevices around erupting human incisors was studied with a technique described by Bervell (1960, 1964). 134 out of 196 samples gave growth in Trypticase Soy Broth and 37 out of 68 showed growth in NIH Thioglycollate Broth. A new technique was also used to obtain samples of any bacteria in the apical parts of the gingival crevices of erupting teeth. Iodine varnish was painted over the tooth and gingivae. An incision was then made with a small sterile scalpel, through the varnish membrane and the attached gingiva at right angles to the long axis of the tooth. A sterile steel blade was inserted through the incision to contact the enamel at the apical third of the gingival crevice. When this method was adapted, 24 out of 25 samples showed no growth in Trypticase Soy Broth. This result indicates that the technique avoids contamination from debris at the gingival margin or in the coronal part of the crevice. It should therefore, be of considerable value for studying the microbiota in the deeper parts of pathological pocket.

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The local resistance factors of the gingival area are divided into two groups: (1) Physical and biochemical factors; (2) Immunologic and phagocytic activities. The status of the gingival epithelium and connective tissue may be important for the penetrability of the gingival area to bacteria and their products. The gingival pocket fluid and the saliva may be of significance in local resistance both through mechanical rinsing effects and the presence of antibacterial substances such as lysozyme. The oral microbiota by itself contributes to local resistance by bacterial antagonism. A local immune response apparently occurs in the gingiva during the development of periodontitis. The products of this response most likely include antibodies active against components and metabolites of the gingival bacteria. These antibodies may exert protective functions within the tissue as well as in the gingival pocket fluid and the saliva. Moreover, the milieu within the tissue and in the two fluids may promote phagocytosis. The inflammatory response and the possibility of hypersensitivity reactions in the gingiva are discussed in relation to local resistance.

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Biopsies from normal and inflamed human gingiva were frozen and sectioned and then incubated for the demonstration of DPNH and TPNH diaphorases, succinic, lactic, glutamic, isocitric, malic and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenases. Aerobic enzyme activity was found to be maximal in the basal cell layer decreasing to the surface of both the keratinizing oral and the non‐keratinizing crevicular epithelium. Anaerobic enzyme activity was found to be maximal in the upper prickle cells. No difference in formazan deposition was seen in the oral and crevicular epithelium of normal and inflamed specimens. The enzyme activity of desquamating cells of the crevicular epithelium, however, showed a slightly different pattern. In addition to a general perinuclear formazan deposition in active epithelial cells, areas at the cell periphery corresponding to desmosomes showed an accentuated formazan deposition with all the enzyme systems investigated. The similarity of this distribution of formazan in sections incubated for endogenous reducing activity was tested. The significance of these findings is disc

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The blood supply to the periodontal membrane of 84 human tooth sockets was studied by determining the number and size of the perforations in the alveolar wall. A special impression and duplication technique was used to produce a relief of the alveolar wall. This was next drawn on paper in a stereo‐microscope. By means of the measure‐and‐weigh method, calculations were made of the number and size of perforations per unit surface area in different regions of each alveolus and in different alveoli, and of the number of perforations per sq. mm. After it had been demonstrated that, in the rat, correlation existed in the alveolar wall between both the number and the size of perforations and the vessels that they carry, the size and the number of perforations were taken as a measure of the blood supply to the periodontal membrane.The results, which were all tested statistically, showed that the blood supply to the periodontal membrane increases gradually from tooth to tooth towards the posterior sections of the dentition, and this increase is similar in both jaws. The blood supply of the individual periodontal membrane is greatest in the gingival and least in the middle third. There are no significant differences in the blood supply to the four surfaces of a socket.The number of small perforations with a diameter of less than 150 μ is considerably greater than the number of large ones, and the latter are most frequently located in the gingival and apical thirds of the alveolus. The significance of these findings is dis

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on the evidence produced in this investigation it is apparent that what has been termed “Epithelial Rests of Malassez” are groups of epithelial cells surrounded by an outer argyrophilic limiting membrane. Further it is evident that the cells bear a strong resemblance to the epithelial cells seen in the basal layers of epidermis and the oral mucous membranes and have little or nothing in common With secretory cells. Based on the ultrastructural morphology and histochemical evidence, “resting epithelial cells” seem to be an appropriate description of these cell groups. Presumably, however, the cells contain all the necessary components to meet whatever functional demands may be placed upon them through environmental alte

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty Sprague‐Dawley rats were utilized to study the effects of a distal occlusion on the mandibular joint. The experimental period varied from one to four weeks. Cellular behavior and synthesis of new bone was revealed radioautographically after the injection of tritiated thymidine and tritiated proline respectively. The following structures within the joint were studied: (1) the fibrous layer of the articular fossa, (2) the fibrous and (3) the embryonic zone of the condyle. The number of labeled cells decreased in all areas analyzed after the first week of experiment but by two weeks had increased above the control. At four weeks, while still higher than the control, the radioactive index was decreasing. Of the structures studied, the embryonic layer showed the greatest response in number of cells undergoing DNA synthesis due to: (1) growth, (2) age, and (3) distal displacement of the mandible. Within the fibrous layer of the condyle and articular fossa, however, except for the central portion of the latter, the difference in radioactive index between control and experimental groups was negligible. Concomitant with the downward and forward growth of the mandible the number of cells undergoing DNA synthesis was highest in the posterior portion of the condyle. Initially, resorption was observed in the area of the external pterygoid attachment of the condyle followed by new bone formation as evidenced by tritiated proline. From this investigation the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The cells within the embryonic zone of the condylar cartilage can be stimulated, even in the adult, to increase their rate of cellular division to adapt to changes in mandibular position. (2) The articular fossa and disc remain unaltered following distal mandibular displacement. (3) Tension within the external pterygoid muscle will result in gross morphologic alterations on the anterior border of the condyl

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3484    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY