ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00497.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00498.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article explores the contention that the conventions of public expenditure accounting conceal, rather than reveal, the real nature and implications of resource trends. A benchmark — a constant level of service output — is established as a basis for examining the relationship between trends in expenditure inputs and service outputs. Changes in unit costs are identified as the major source of deviation between expenditure and output trends. The impact of resource constraint on policy and policy‐implementation is then examined in relation to one, essentially stable, area of policy in the personal social services: community care.The meaning of the term‘policy’ is far from straightforward and community care is best understood as the interaction of relatively independent streams of policy, towards service outputs and resource inputs, extant in both central and local government. Mechanisms by which policy streams could be reconciled are of particular interest and an innovative example — joint finance — is examined i

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00499.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1978 US Civil Service Reform Act required federal agencies to design and implement new performance appraisal systems. The CSRA intends that these reformed systems produce accurate ratings which may be used as the basis for a wide variety of personnel actions, including decisions regarding pay, promotion, and retention. In this article, we describe and analyze the responses of civilian employees at four Navy research and development laboratories where CSRA appraisal systems have been in operation since 1981. These data were obtained through questionnaires and on‐site interviews. Overall, reactions to the CSRA systems were supportive. However, signs of potentially serious long term problems may be appearing in the form of supervisory resistance to the significantly increased workload and potential for conflict associated with the new procedures. Recent changes in Office of Personnel Management policy suggest that this is a problem throughout the federal bureaucracy. The administrative‐organizational‘costs’ of CSRA appraisals and radically changed political priorities are likely to present formidable barriers to the complete implementation of t

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY