ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500301

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500101

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500103

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM) is prevalent in cancer patients. However, the effect of PCM on antitumor immunity is unclear and critically important in an era of improving results with adoptive immunotherapy. This study examined the effect of short‐ and long‐term PCM on tumor‐specific and natural immune effector mechanisms in a murine neuroblastoma (C1300 NRB) model. A/J mice received an isocaloric 2.5% or 24% casein diet for 3 or 8 weeks before innoculation with tumor. Three weeks later lymphocytes from tumor‐bearing mice were harvested for determination of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Both 3 and 8 weeks of PCM significantly reduced mean total body weight by 25% (p<0.001) and 41% (p<0.001), respectively, compared with regularly nourished mice. Short‐term PCM did not inhibit CTL or NK cytotoxicity, whereas long‐term PCM significantly diminished CTL generation (p<0.001) but preserved NK cytotoxic function. These results indicate that CTL development against autologous tumor, in contrast to basal NK function, is dependent on host nutritional status. Mean tumor growth, determined by tumor‐weight to carcass‐weight ratio, was unchanged for both short‐and long‐term protein‐energy deprived groups compared with results in regularly nourished mice. These findings suggest that NK function is the predominant effector mechanism inhibiting C1300 NRB growth and that NK tumorcidal capacity is preserved during PCM.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:15–21, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500115

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/0148607191015001011

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation was studied in burned guinea pigs. Forty‐four guinea pigs bearing a catheter gastrostomy received a 30% total body surface area full thickness flame burn and were given identical enteral diets (175 kcal/kg/day) except for the amount of vitamin E. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 received 0, 4 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to guinea pig's RDA) 20 or 100 mg/kg/day of vitamin E respectively. After 14 days of enteral feeding, there were no significant differences between groups in the body weights and the weights of carcass, gastrocnemius muscle, liver, and spleen. Resting metabolic expenditure on PBD 3, 6, 9, and 12 was similar in all groups. No statistical differences were seen in ear‐thickness response to 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene and lymphocytic proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin. However, mucosal weight and protein content in group 1 were significantly less compared to groups 2 and 4 (p<0.05). Anemia was also significantly greater in group 1. Histologic examination of the intestinal wall, however, did not yield any physical differences associated with the addition of vitamin E to the diet. This study suggests that vitamin E supplementation in diets of burned animals may have a beneficial effect on maintenance of intestinal mucosa and erythrocyte counts over a wide‐dose range.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:22–26, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500122

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eighteen hospitalized patients dependent on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were randomly enrolled into a prospective study comparing intravenous long‐chain triglycerides (LCT) with a physical mixture of 75% medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) and 25% LCT. The TPN was given continuously as amino acids and glucose over 5 days with the respective lipid emulsion given intermittently during each day for 10 hr. Indirect calorimetry was measured on each patient before the lipid emulsion was administered in the morning and again 10 hr later near the end of the lipid infusion, on days 1, 3, and 5. Resting energy expenditure, VO2, VCO2, and calculated fat oxidation were shown to increase during MCT infusion but not during LCT administration, (resting energy expenditure 899 ± 37 to 1085 ± 40, compared with 978 ± 23 to 976 ± 39, kcal/m2body surface area [BSA]/day, respectively, p<0.0002; V02: 129.9 ± 5.2 to 157.2 ± 5.9, compared with 140.9 ± 3.6 to 141.2 ± 5.9 ml O2/min/m2BSA, respectively, p<0.0005; and VCO2: 110.7 ± 4.4 to 127.5 ± 4.3, compared with 118.3 ± 2.8 to 118.0 ± 5.3, ml CO2/min/m2BSA, respectively, p<0.0076; calculated fat oxidation 10.7 ± 1.5 to 19.3 ± 2.4, compared with 20.0 ± 2.7 to 20.0 ± 3.6, kcal/m2BSA/hr, respectively, p<0.014). Respiratory quotient tended to fall with lipid infusion but did not change statistically. Body temperatures were unaltered by either fat infusion. It is concluded that TPN consisting of MCT causes an increased thermogenesis, most likely through increased fat oxidation, reflective of MCT's property as an obligate fuel. The increased thermogenesis occurs without an increase in body temperature.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:27–31, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500127

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Triacetin, the water‐soluble triglyceride of acetate, was infused in mongrel dogs at isocaloric (N=6) or hypercaloric (~1.5 REE, N =7) rates in mongrel dogs for 3 hr. Ketone body and glucose production rates were quantified with [13C2] acetoacetate and [3H]glucose, respectively. Four additional animals were infused with glycerol to serve as controls for the hypercaloric triacetin infusion. Energy expenditure was determined in the isocaloric experiments. Results: no evidence of acute toxicity was observed during triacetin infusion at either rate. Plasma acetate concentrations increased from basal levels to ~1 and ~13 mmol/liter in the isocaloric and hypercaloric experiments, respectively. Plasma lactate and pyruvate concentrations decreased dramatically after 30 min of both isocaloric and hypercaloric triacetin infusions. Glucose production rates did not increase in either group, but glucose clearance decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.05) over the last hour of triacetin infusion. Plasma ketone body concentrations increased from 1.4 to 3.5 and 1.8 to 13.5 μmol/kg·min, respectively, during isocaloric and hypercaloric triacetin infusion. Resting energy expenditure increased from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.5 kcal/kg·hr during isocaloric triacetin infusion (p<0.05). These studies indicate that triacetin can be administered to dogs at high rates without overt toxicity. The decrease in glucose clearance may represent competition between carbohydrate (glucose) and lipid (acetate). Triacetin infusion resulted in significant increases in ketone body production and concentration. These preliminary data indicate that triacetin may have a future role as a parenteral nutrient, and that further studies of its use are warranted.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:32–36, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500132

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

These studies were undertaken to investigate the relationship between medium‐chain fatty acid availability, medium‐chain fatty acid oxidation, and central nervous system toxicity during infusion of medium‐chain triglycerides in dogs. Six dogs received a sequential, stepwise infusion of trioctanoin at three different rates for 80 min each, providing calories below and equal to resting energy expenditure in the species. Ketone body production rates (using a14C β‐hydroxybutyrate tracer) and plasma concentrations of lactate and octanoate were monitored. Three animals were infused with saline to serve as controls. Blood‐brain barrier integrity was assessed with Evans blue dye, and brain samples were taken at the end of the study to quantify brain water. Three animals were studied under anesthesia to obtain good quality EEG and intracranial pressure measurements. Results were (1) plasma octanoate increased to 0.37 ± 0.13, 0.78 ± 0.2, and 1.44 ± 0.41 mmol/liter during the three infusion intervals; (2)emesis, somnolence, and coma were observed at the two highest trioctanoin rates; (3)ketone body concentrations and production increased from 102 ± 15 to 859 ± 54 μmol/liter and 3.6 ± 0.43 to 18.5 ± 1.7 μmol/kg/min, respectively, at the highest trioctanoin infusion rate; and (4)plasma lactate also increased from 1.3 ± 0.1 to 4.3 ± 0.9 mmol/liter at the highest infusion rate. EEG changes were also observed, consisting of high amplitude slowing and reduction in amplitude of faster components. There was no extravasation of Evans blue dye, nor change in brain water or intracranial pressure. The conclusion—medium—chain triglycerides have significant dose‐related central nervous system toxicity in dogs. Therefore, caution should be exercised in clinical studies with MCTs, including careful measurement of medium‐chain fatty acid concentrations.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:37–41, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500137

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The composition of enteral feeding formulas may have different effects on total body and gut growth. We studied the growth effects in rats of a complex solid fiber‐based diet (Prolab Rodent Diet) with that of three isocaloric and isonitrogenous commercially available liquid feeding formulas which differ in their type of protein (Osmolite HN, an intact protein formula; Reabilan HN, a peptide formula; and Vivonex‐TEN, an amino acid formula). Total body weight gain was greatest with the rodent diet (93 ± 2 g/10 days), followed by the peptide diet (72 ± 5 g/10 days) and intact protein diet (58 ± 8 g/10 days). Weight gain was significantly lower on the amino acid diet (43 ± 7 g/10 days). Proximal and mid gut mass was comparable with all four diets, but distal gut mass was significantly lower with the amino acid diet. Somatomedin C levels on the rodent diet (13.3 ± 1.8 nM), and the peptide diet (14.0 ± 3.3 nM) were significantly higher than somatomedin C levels on the amino acid diet (8.0 ± 1.0 nM). Somatomedin C levels on the intact protein diet (9.6 ± 1.4 nM) were intermediate between the rodent diet and amino acid diet. We conclude that growth effects vary with different enteral diets (unrelated to total calories and protein) and may result from differences in the generation of tissue growth factors.(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition15:42–47, 1991)

ISSN:0148-6071    

DOI:10.1177/014860719101500142

出版商:SAGE Publications    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY