ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This essay traces the main lines of debate among economists during the course of China's reform. It first reviews how the market has become legitimated in the country. Then it examines three schools of thought that have emerged from an ongoing debate over the economic role of the state in China's “socialist market economy.” Debates have transformed radically the conceptual frameworks of economists, as well as policymakers, and thereby have exerted enormous influence on the policy proc

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During its first several decades, the World Bank operated with few constraints on its lending authority. Lending policies reflected primarily the economic and political objectives of Bank management and staff. With the establishment of the International Development Association (IDA) soft loan window 1960 this autonomy began to erode. The funds needed to support the IDA soft loans had to be replenished. This opened the door to greater political pressure on Bank policy by the administration and Congress. Since the mid‐1980s environmental interest groups increasingly have been effective in bringing pressure to bear on World Bank and other MDB polic

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study extends previous empirical work on corporate political activity by examining which foreign‐owned firms provide campaign contributions to United States legislators. While numerous studies have examined which domestic firms make campaign contributions, little is known about the propensity of foreign‐owned firms to make contributions. Using logit and Tobit analyses, the findings suggest that firm size, legislative issues, foreign ownership, and cultural characteristics are important determinants of a foreign‐owned firm's political strategy. The findings also suggest that there are strong parallels between the political strategies of foreign‐owned firms and domesti

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Extending the characterization of risk beyond the dimension of how much, to the dimensions of who, what, when, where and why, presents opportunities to enhance the understanding of risk by the public and by the regulator, and to improve risk management. These added dimensions should be used only as a supplement to the standard probability‐based description of risk. They should be restricted to those situations in which they enhance the likelihood of informed decisionmaking, are easy to develop technically, and are not likely to add to the existing paralysis in regulatory decisionmaking. The dimension of time during which an adverse event is expected to occur potentially is of great value. It can be used to restore the public health base to environmental decisionmakin

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over the past 25 years there has been a steady decline in the role of public health agencies in environmental protection. This paper examines the major factors that have contributed to that decline, including the impact of federal environmental laws, the disparity in funding between regulatory and public health activities in environmental protection, and the emergence of risk assessment as a basis for environmental decisions. The methods of risk assessment and traditional public health approaches are contrasted, and the advantages of the involvement of public health agencies are discussed. Recommendations are presented for strengthening the role of public health in environmental decisionmaking to address more effectively public concerns about environmental risks.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The issue of fairness often is central within environmental policy debates. The recent proliferation of state and local comparative risk projects for informing the selection of environmental policy priorities offers an appropriate setting to explore the issue of procedural fairness in risk‐based decisionmaking. This paper describes and evaluates the process by which one of the initial state comparative risk projects, Washington's “Environment 2010,” attempted to include a broader range of participants in identifying, assessing, and generating preferred management strategies for a wide range of environmental hazards. The Washington case study suggests that comparative risk projects can be fairer procedurally, but that significant barriers remain. Noting that greater procedural fairness does not necessarily produce greater substantive fairness, the paper concludes that more attention needs to be directed at the process by which comparative risk projects translate their consensus upon risk priorities into subsequent ac

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many federal laws dealing with environment, safety, and health contain language directing that certain kinds of standards be set on the basis of health evidence alone. That is, economic considerations are not to be taken into account in setting these standards. This paper presents arguments in defense of this position and then suggests why these arguments are not convincing. In other words, it makes the case that regulators should strive to balance economic, health, and other considerations for sensible policymaking.“…wisdom requires balancing the good against the bad to determine whether the overall result is positive or negative.”Albert Gore,Earth in the Balance(

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY