ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The growth of South African state‐provided social security is traced from its origins in British colonialism, through the consolidation under apartheid of racially discriminatory benefits mainly to protect white interests, to the present time of political change when there is a rapid move towards racial parity. It is a difficult system to understand, because of the fragmentation created by apartheid: benefits are delivered through 17 separate “governments”, geographically different from each other, using different information systems and, until recently, characterized by secrecy regarding information. This paper is based on interviews conducted in all administrations in 1991, and it focuses on the state social pensions and grants for elderly people, disabled people, child and family care, and poor relief. Major problems with the system are those of access, racial discrimination, inefficiency, corruption, and the way in which the means test is implemented. Does the social security system have a role to play in addressing the inequality and poverty produced by apartheid? In rural areas most beneficiaries live in three‐generational families, and the benefit is consumed by the household. It is suggested that its potential is greatly underestimated, and rather than being seen as an expensive burden, the social security system should be enthusiastically embraced. It is already in place; it can relatively easily be made more ef

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Continued social protection in central and eastern Europe is vital in order to compensate for the loss of rights previously provided by the State, to ease the process of economic change and, not least, to maintain social cohesion without altogether subjecting populations to the vagaries of the market economy system. Long steeped in the tradition of social insurance, many of these countries had adapted their systems of protection to the Soviet model, while reflecting certain universal trends of social security policy, with an emphasis on family assistance. More recently, schemes have been complemented by unemployment benefits and by mechanisms to better take inflation into account, without prejudice to the necessary guarantee of a minimum level of assistance. They must still be adapted to facilitate occupational mobility, to promote employment, to involve the people covered by them in their management, and to deal with deteriorating health services, while taking account of problems stemming from resource limitation. Although reform must not obscure the need for continuity, uncertainty remains as to its outcome.

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article concentrates on poverty debates during the last few years of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and in Russia today under Yeltsin. Some references to previous years are made in order to provide some historical context for these debates. The article is divided into two parts: the first examines debates on the definitions of poverty, while the second looks at its depth and extent. The discussion will provide one more illustration of the now generally accepted thesis that the way poverty is defined inevitably affects the extent of measured poverty and the policy measures for its amelioration.

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author examines the development in Australia of mechanisms for formal legal representation for people who are mentally incompetent: these include guardianship and property management; enduring powers of attorney; and government schemes for pensioners. Other legal protections discussed include the implementation of a statutorily required agreement between owners and residents in nursing homes. The paper lists the principles which now permeate legislation for formal legal representation — client‐centred decision‐making standards; limited loss of civil rights; encouragement of independence; deference to the wishes of the individual; informal and accessible determination and review processes — and sounds a warning about the influence of legal culture, particularly when there are people with legal experience on bodies determining whether substitute decision‐making should be implemented. It calls for lawyers to be sensitive to the influence they are capable of exerting and also recommends steps which can be taken to rectify weaknesses in the enduring power of attorney and government pensioner schemes. Finally the paper considers the new government initiatives to improve the conditions of people in aged care accommodation and raises some of the problems which can be anticipated in implementing that

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article possible implications of introducing information technology (IT) in social security administrations for their relationship with clients are discussed on the basis of a study on its effects in Netherlands municipal social services departments on clients’bureaucratic competence and caseworkers’discretion the accessibility and susceptibility of the administrations to the influence of clients, and the congruence in the definition of the bureaucratic situation by caseworkers and clients. Results show an increase in hierarchical authority and programming of work processes, a decrease in caseworkers’discretion and information monopoly, a growing discrepancy between caseworkers’and clients’definition of the bureaucratic situation, and an emphasis on verbal communicative aspects in the concrete interaction between the two. It is concluded that IT has paradoxical effects on the relationship between administrations and clients. On one hand the distance between them seems to diminish through an emphasis on direct, physical contacts with street‐level officials. On the other, the accessibility and susceptibility of administrations to clients’influence seems to decrease because street‐level workers become more embedded in the organization. It becomes more difficult for clients to bring their individual situat

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Jens Alber; Brigitte Bernardi‐Schenkluhn.Westeuropäische Gesundheitssysteme im Vergleich: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Schweiz, Frankreich, Italien, GroβbritannienAxel Weber; Volker Leienbach; Anne Dohle.Soziale Sicherung in Europa: die Sozialversicherung in den Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen GemeinschaftAlain Euzéby.Les prélèvements obligatoiresCyril Balme; Christian Collard; Jacques Hoefman; Florence Le Meteyer.La communication dans la maîtrise des dépenses de santé.Gérard Gäfgen (ed.).Systeme der Gesundheitssicherung im WandelBemd v. Maydell (ed.).Probleme sozialpolitischer Gesetzgebung: das Beispiel des Gesundheits

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY