ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050101

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCapillary gas chromatographic data can be used to distinguish between JP‐4 and commercial Jet A fuels that have contaminated groundwater. This is accomplished from chromatographic patterns by using normalized area percents of the C‐15 and C‐16n‐alkane components. Analyses of the neat fuels, mixtures of the neat fuels and of their solvent extract from water have been performed. Analyses of contaminated groundwaters have identified the presence of jet fuel and other distillate fuels similar to diesel fuel. Even with the complex nature of these fuels, percent amounts of each fuel present as a contaminant could be determined. This technique may prove useful in determining the party responsible for pollution of grou

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050102

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDDE (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene), the DDT derivative that causes thinning of the eggshells of sensitive bird species, is metabolically formed in mallard ducks fed Kelthane®, a widely used acaricide that consists of technical dicofol, a mixture of compounds synthetically derived from technical DDT. Technical dicofol mixtures contain very low levels ofp,p'‐DDT, which has been assumed to be the only precursor to environmental DDE. Applications of Kelthane and of other products containing technical dicofol would therefore increase the environmental input of DDE, accounting at least in part for recent observations of high levels of DDE in environmental samples from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California that contained only trace amounts of DDT. Among the components of Kelthane, chloro‐DDT (1,1,1,2‐tetrachloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane) is converted to DDE under certain laboratory conditions. Levels of chloro‐DDT in the Kelthane mixture employed could account for all of the DDE metabolically formed in the ducks. The data leave unresolved the question of whether DDE may be derived fromp,p'‐dicofol (1,1‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethanol), the principal ingredient of technical dicofol, under either experime

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050103

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies undertaken to determine the causes of continuing reproductive failures of populations of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum) in Texas and California demonstrate exceptionally high levels of DDE (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene) in prey species in western Texas and unchanged high levels of DDE since 1969 in the peregrine population of the central coast of California. Although DDE is a derivative of DDT (p,p'‐DDT; 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane), levels of DDT were very low in in these samples. These observations follow a recent pattern of DDE contamination in the South and Southwest that is characterized by locally high environmental levels of DDE and low levels of DDT. The virtual absence of DDT indicates that the possible illegal uses of DDT, or the transport of DDT compounds from Latin America by migrating birds, cannot account for all of the DDE in these samples. Another source of environmental DDE is th

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050104

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTerms for decomposition by both suspended and attached microorganisms were included in a model to calculate the fate of chemicals in aquatic systems. This model differs from previous models primarily by the inclusion of a term for decomposition by aufwuchs in addition to a term for decomposition by planktonic microorganisms. Decomposition by aufwuchs is represented as occurring at a rate limited by the serial processes of transport to a planar surface and decomposition at the surface. Two sets of experiments were conducted using replicate laboratory microcosms, each maintained with six different environments. The predictive capability was good, as indicated by the absence of statistically detectable differences between predictions and laboratory measurements. In making the predictions, a set of parameters describing the characteristics of the chemical was required. Included in these parameters were the rate coefficients for the two microbial decomposition terms. With both microbial decomposition terms included, the fate model accounted satisfactorily for observed methyl parathion concentrations using only a single, environment‐independent rate coefficient for each ter

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050105

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRadiolabelled [14C]DDE was used as a model compound to determine important factors in the clearance of persistent lipophilic compounds in free‐living herring gulls (Larus argentatus). Adult, breeding male and female gulls were dosed orally during incubation and then captured one week and one year later. After one week, [14C]DDE had equilibrated with native DDE in all tissues. The ratios of DDE levels on a lipid weight basis relative to whole body were as follows: muscle, 0.8 to 0.9; liver, 0.5 to 0.7; egg, 0.4; and brain, 0.1. The plasma/whole body lipid partition coefficient was 0.0041 ± 0.0014. The whole body annual average clearance rate was 0.95 ± 0.51 year−1(half‐life = 264 d). Native DDE levels in males were twice those in females, but no differences were found for [14C)DDE after one year. The lower levels in females do not appear to be related to excretion of DDE in eggs or higher monooxygenase activity, but they may be related to differences in feeding ecology. Additional physiological and ecological factors must therefore be included in a proposed two‐compartment (plasma/whole body lipid) model of residue levels in eggs based on experimental data from ca

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050106

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe biological half‐lives of five dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and two dibenzofurans were determined in rainbow trout following a single oral exposure. Estimated half‐lives ranged from 2 d for 2,7‐dichlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin to 43 d for 1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin among the dioxins, and from 12 d for octachlorodibenzofuran to 24 d for 3,6‐dichlorodibenzofuran. No consistent relationship was shown between half‐life and the degree of chlorination. Absorption efficiencies varied from 2 to greater than 30%, although most valu

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050107

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA plant life‐cycle bioassay usingArabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh. was used to evaluate effects of several toxic chemicals. Plants were grown in vermiculite in a hydroponic system, with test chemicals added to the nutrient solution reservoir. Reduction in total biomass followed different patterns with the chemicals tested, and sensitivity increased in the order: fly ash>2‐(2‐ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (DGME)>dalapon>trichloroacetic acid (TCA)>copper sulfate>bromacil>metribuzin. DGME, TCA and dalapon induced unusual morphological effects in which flower development was altered and pollination prevented. Reduced biomass, altered distribution of plant dry weight among vegetative, reproductive and mature seed, and morphological effects indicate that a plant life‐cycle test is a valuable screeni

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050108

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChemical control centers were constructed on selected farms in Wayne County, New York, to minimize pesticide pollutants. These centers provided areas where several classes of agricultural chemicals, primarily those from spray operations, could be handled and disposed of safely. We surveyed the arthropod fauna found above the pesticide leach lines and in adjacent soils. Of the 70 arthropod taxa determined, we identified the following families: Diptera (18 families), Hymemoptera (12), Coleoptera (7), Hemiptera (3), Homoptera (1) and Thysanoptera (1). Seasonal comparisons of arthropods above the pesticide leach lines and in the checks showed no apparent differences. Slight taxa variations were observed within and between farms with chemical control centers. No residues greater than 0.2 ppm were found in either water or soil samples. These results imply that no contamination of the environment was caused by the use of the chemical control centers.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050109

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhole body accumulation and tissue distribution of dieldrin in rainbow trout were studied through oral‐dose disposition tests and subchronic exposures via water (0.04 and 0.08 μg dieldrin/L) and/or diet (0.087 μg dieldrin/g fish/d). Growth and no‐growth (maintenance) rations of 4 and 2% body weight per day were employed. In subchronic tests, apparent steady‐state residue concentrations depended on ration and exposure concentration after 8 weeks of exposure. At 16 weeks, mean whole fish residue concentrations ranged from 120 to 1,400 ng dieldrin/g fish. Combination food and water exposures at a growth ration produced the highest accumulation values (1,300–1,400 ng dieldrin/g fish). Maintenance rations apparently limited accumulation to a maximum of 360 ng dieldrin/g fish. Whole body dieldrin concentration, calculated on the basis of total lipids, greatly reduced the differences in residue levels due to ration.Tissue distribution of a single oral dose of [14C]dieldrin was determined in naive (no pretreatment) fish and those preexposed via the diet for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. Tissue concentrations of the tracer dose were determined 48 h following administration. Retention of the [14C]dieldrin was similar in most tissues of naive, 2‐ or 6‐week dieldrin‐pretreated fish with a slight downward trend with duration of pretreatment. Retention of14C in the bile of fish receiving maintenance and growth treatments increased two‐ and five‐fold, respectively, in 6‐week pretreated as compared with naive fish. After 4 weeks of pretreatment,14C concentrations peaked in all tissues except the bile,

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050110

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY