ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090101

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSignificant changes in bluegill sunfish ventilation were observed at chronically toxic levels of various substances in under 1 h of exposure and usually within 15 min of exposure. A different ventilation response was observed between the heavy metal compounds and the chlorinated hydrocarbon substances. The response to metals zinc and cadmium was characterized by: (a) decrease in signal amplitude and (b) increase in Type I (large volume) coughs or gill purges. The response to chlorinated hydrocarbons was characterized by: (a) increase in erratic movement, (b) increase in gill purges and (c) increase in ventilatory frequency. Our results suggest that fish ventilatory monitoring can provide a powerful tool for rapidly assessing sublethal as well as acute toxicity on a real‐time basis. Furthermore, the type of response generated may be indicative of the type of toxicant in the environmen

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090102

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSwimming behavior of fish is impaired by exposure to a diversity of contaminants. Gross aberrations in swimming can be qualitatively assessed while subtle changes in swimming behavior arising from sublethal exposures can be detected through a more detailed analysis of this response. Compared to other swimming behavior variables, the physical capacity to swim against water flow tends to be affected at relatively high toxicant concentrations and often presages mortality. Orientation to water flow, however, is altered at sublethal concentrations. Frequency of activity is a more sensitive measure in detecting contamination than measurements of survival alone. Alterations in swimming behavior have been detected during exposures to various contaminants at concentrations as low as 0.7 to 5% of their LC50 values and at concentrations that subsequently inhibited growth after longer periods of exposure. Analysis of swimming patterns provides even higher resolution for analysis of swimming behavior, and increased availability of the instrumentation necessary for such measurements should facilitate use of this approach. Fish swimming activity can easily be incorporated in test protocols to expand the sensitivity of standard toxicity tests.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090103

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have developed a short‐term, low‐cost method of detecting changes in the orientative ability ofDaphnia magnain response to xenobiotics. The method employs the reaction, a migration along the gradient, ofD. magnato a light intensity gradient. The method was derived from techniques established to simulate and analyze migration patterns of zooplankton in the natural environment. Each test uses a minimum of 100 1‐ to 3‐d oldDaphniaexposed to a directional light beam within a circular chamber. The chamber is divided into eight sections, each containing 45° of arc. These quadrants can be isolated from each other, thus isolating eight groups of migratingDaphnia.Each test results in three endpoints: an average direction for the migration (mean angle), an index of the magnitude of random, undirected migration (rvalue) and a percentage of nonresponse. The method was validated by showing a positive dose‐related response to a known neurotoxin, lindane. The method is sensitive to lindane, producing effects on orientation even at a concentration as low as 50 ppb. The effect of lindane was a dramatic increase in the random migration of dosedDaphnia, showing a less directed migration pattern than control. Implications of developing a behavioral test withDaphniaand its correlation with the natural environment are discussed, as well as its incorporation into the general toxicity screening strategy. Interpretative and comparative statistical analysis of the method's endpoints are presented and

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090104

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral responses of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), inhabiting sludge‐treated outdoor enclosures, were studied during the 1987 growing season. Significant accumulations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soils of the sludge‐treated enclosures. Significant uptake of Zn and Cd were observed inPoaspp., whileBromus japonicumsignificantly accumulated Zn. Additionally,Bromusfrom the sludge‐treated enclosures showed a strong trend of increased Cd. Both of these plant species are potentially eaten by voles. Both male and female sludge‐exposed voles significantly bioaccumulated Cd in their livers and brains. Alterations in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior were found in sludge‐exposed females that appeared either not to habituate to the novel environment of the activity chamber; or were hyperactive as a consequence of Cd exposure; or possibly an interaction between the two. No changes in behavior of males exposed to sludge was observed. We believe that the observed differences between the male and female voles were due to sex‐related differential responses to

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090105

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of organic chemicals under flow‐through conditions at 25°C for 96 h. Changes in behavior and morphology were systematically recorded to develop a plan for classifying these chemicals. On this basis, three behavioral toxicity syndromes were evident. Each syndrome appears to represent a different general mode of toxic action. The hypoactivity syndrome, reflecting narcosis, is characterized by depressed locomotor activity, loss of startle response and very dark body coloration. The hyperactivity syndrome, representing metabolic dysfunction (e.g., uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation), is characterized by greatly accelerated locomotor activity, overreaction to stimuli and increased ventilatory activity. The physical deformity syndrome, indicative of neurological dysfunction (e.g., AChE inhibition), is characterized by a high incidence of convulsions, tetany, scoliosis/lordosis and hemorrhage in the vertebral area. This classification approach also should be useful to help delineate specific, underlying mechanisms or sites of chemical acti

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090106

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGreen frog,Rana clamitans, tadpoles were exposed to 750 μg Pb/L as lead nitrate. Tadpoles used in learning acquisition tests were exposed for 6 d (144 h) and tadpoles used in retention (memory) tests were exposed for 5 d (120 h). Both lead‐exposed and control tadpoles were conditioned, using shock avoidance, to associate illumination (conditioned stimulus) with shock (unconditioned stimulus). The mean response time, the number of avoidances and differences in the learning curves of the lead‐exposed and control tadpoles were compared statistically. Learning acquisition tests showed increased response times and fewer avoidances in lead‐exposed as compared to control tadpoles. Retention tests showed higher response times and no avoidances in lead‐exposed tadpoles as compared to controls. These results indicate that sublethal exposure to lead adversely affected both acquisition learning an

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090107

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory have evaluated fish behavior and migration in response to gas‐supersaturated water, thermal discharge, water‐soluble fractions (WSFs) of coal liquids and other environmental stresses. Approaches have included biotelemetry in the field, and avoidance/attraction and predator/prey studies in the laboratory. This article specifically addresses three study examples and integrates the results with those of related studies. Overall, major findings included the following: Thermal discharges (surface water Δts 0‐>17°C) did not block upstream migration of sonic‐tagged adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss, formerlySalmo gairdneri) in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Juvenile chinook salmon avoided thermal discharges in the laboratory when Δts exceeded 9 to 11°C above ambient. However, juvenile salmon were more susceptible to predation at 10 to 20% of the thermal dose causing loss of equilibrium. Radio‐tagged adult chinook salmon swam deeper in supersaturated water than in normally saturated water in the Snake River and, thereby, avoided the upper, critical zone. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and black bullhead (Ictalurus melas) did not always avoid lethal gas levels in the laboratory and some fish died in the test apparatus. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) avoided the WSF of a coal liquid at concentrations causing acute effects but not at those causing chronic effects. Rainbow trout did not avoid coal liquid WSFs although they reportedly avoid the major constituent, phenol, tested as a pure compound. Susceptibility to predation of juvenile rainbow trout did not increase until phenol concentrations reached the acute LC50. A conceptual model to link avoidance and toxicological data for environmental assessment

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090108

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral responses of the common stream‐dwelling operculate snailElimia clavaeformiswere used to provide information about streamwater quality in in situ tests. These snails were found to be advantageous for such tests because they can be collected easily, individually marked, and transferred to other stream sites for release and recapture experiments.In noncontaminated stream sites,Elimiatended to disperse upstream. The rate of net movement was variable, but typically ranged from 0.5 to 5 m/d. Water velocity and food level influenced the movement patterns of the snails in 24‐ and 48‐h field experiments in noncontaminated stream sites. Rates of movement in the laboratory were temperature dependent, and increased from about 1.0 cm/min at 9°C to 2.2 cm/min at 24°C.In contaminated streams, snails showed clear evidence of stress: They moved downstream, and in some sites either withdrew into the shell or were unable to retract the foot or attach to a substrate. The maximum distance thatElimiatraveled downstream in 24 h in a contaminated stream site was 17.5 m.In laboratory streams,Elimiamoved downstream when exposed to 0.02 mg/L total residual chlorine (TRC); the time required to immobilize these snails declined rapidly as TRC concentration increased. Behavioral characteristics of snails that may be useful for water quality assessments include turnover time (the time needed for a snail to right itself after being turned onto its back), the rate and direction of dispersal or immobil

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090109

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the laboratory, preference/avoidance behavioral testing was used to investigate the potential of both domestic and industrial waste discharges to interfere with the migration of anadromous fish. Various dilutions of the effluents were tested using the behavioral response of fish as measured by linear velocity, locational position and other factors. A video‐based computerized system was used to capture and analyze the behavioral data in real time. Test species were chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, striped bass,Morone saxatilisand steelhead,Salmo gairdneri.Dilution rates were established based upon dye studies and waste field dispersion modeling. Dilutions down to 1,000:1 were tested and evaluations of the potential for each discharge to affect fish migrations were made. Both attraction and avoidance responses were observed at different concentrations of the discharges studied. Test fish exhibited strong responses at levels as low as 1,000:1 of effluent. Laboratory behavioral data were compared with field surveys where possible. A discussion of behavioral testing as a tool to assess the potential effects of discharges on fish migration is presente

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620090110

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY