ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070101

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSoils from Times Beach, Missouri, containing from 8 ng g−1to 2.4 μg g−12,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) were examined for microbial activity. Parameters included enumeration of aerobic eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes; enzymatic assays, including assays for dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, rhodanese, and acid and alkaline phosphatases; and soil respiration (CO2evolution). The soils were also characterized for organic matter content, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, particle size, and solvent‐extractable content. Compared with control soils, the TCDD‐contaminated soils showed considerable microbial activity and diversity, suggesting that TCDD is not microbially toxic at these concentrations and/or is no

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070102

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe total volatile organic compounds and profiles of volatile organic compounds of indoor air in several office buildings with libraries were studied, mainly using sorption tubes and GC‐MS. Exhaust vapors from wet‐process‐type copying machines proved to be a major source of the volatile organic components of the indoo

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070103

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., ad hoc Bisphenol A Task Group determined that freshwater and saltwater environmental effects testing on bisphenol A should be conducted. This decision was based upon the nation's high production capacity for bisphenol A, which is manufactured at many sites, its potential for entering the environment in substantial quantities and the general lack of relevant ecological effects data. The freshwater test results were as follows: the 96‐h EC50 algal toxicity toSelenastrum capricornutumwas 2.7 mg/L based on cell count, and 3.1 mg/L based on cell volume; the 48‐h EC50 to the invertebrateDaphnia magnawas 10 (9.2–11) mg/L; and the 96‐h LC50s to the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas, was 4.7 (4.0–5.5) mg/L in a static test and 4.6 (3.6 to 5.4) mg/L in a flow‐through test. The saltwater test results were as follows: the 96‐h EC50 algal toxicity to the diatomSkeletonema costatumwas 1.0 mg/L based on cell count and relative fluorescence, and 1.8 mg/L based on chlorophyllacontent; the 96‐h LC50 to the mysidMysidopsis bahiawas 1.1 (0.92 to 1.2) mg/L; and the 96‐h LC50 to the Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia, was 9.4 (8.3 to 11) mg/L.According to current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard evaluation procedures, bisphenol A was moderately to slightly toxic to the fish and invertebrates tested, with LC50 or EC50 values of from 1.1 to 10 mg/L. These data did not trigger freshwater or saltwater chronic tests. The acute toxicity data together with the fact that bisphenol A rapidly biodegrades in surface waters indicate a low potential for chronic exp

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070104

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of metal‐contaminated sediment extracts and a reference toxicant (zinc sulfate) were determined by examining the developmental morphology, growth and mortality of exposed fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos. Sediments from two contaminated stream sites were extracted with reconstituted culture water at various pH values for 24 h. Developmental toxicity tests were performed using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay‐Xenopus(FETAX) protocol. The results suggest that Zn was the major developmental toxicant in the sediment extracts. The measured Zn concentration in the sediment extracts that caused malformation in 50% of the fish embryos (EC50) was 0.5 to 1.4 mg/L (normalized to 100 mg/L hardness). EC50 values for the reference toxicant tests were 0.6 and 0.8 mg/L Zn. The frog embryo EC50 for the extracts ranged from 2.2 to 3.6 mg/L Zn and was 3.6 mg/L Zn in the reference toxicant test. In 67% of the tests, malformation was a more sensitive endpoint than growth inhibition. Mortality was the least sensitive endpoint, that is, the LC50s in the reference toxicant tests were 3.6 mg/L Zn for the fathead minnow and 34.5 mg/L for the frog. The extraction procedure may be useful for determining potential toxicity in the event metals are leached from aquatic sediments by dredging or acidificat

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070105

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnited Chrome Products, Inc. (Corvallis, OR), discharged liquid chrome‐plating wastes into an on‐site dry well from 1957 to 1977. Samples were collected from ground and surface waters during February and December 1984 and evaluated for toxicity potential using 96‐hSelenastrum capricornutumbioassays. Bioassays of the February samples were used to calculate predicted EC50 values for different chromium concentrations, which were then compared with the chromium concentrations measured in the December samples and with the results ofS. capricornutumbioassays on these samples. An excellent correlation was obtained between the predicted EC50 values and the actual bioassay response values for ground water and drainage ditch samples. However, no correlation was obtained with the off‐site surface water samples. These results could not be explained by changes in chromium valence, and they demonstrate that, even in simple systems, toxicity cannot readily be predicted based solely on chemical a

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070106

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne 72‐h acute and two 13‐d chronic flow‐through tributyltin (TBT) toxicity experiments were conducted with the estuarine zooplankterEurytemora affinis. The 48‐h and 72‐h LC50s were 2.2 and 0.6 μg/L TBT, respectively, based on measured concentrations. TBT concentrations of 100 ng/L significantly reduced the survival of neonates (young) after 6 d of exposure in the first chronic experiment. Significant adverse effects were not reported at TBT concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 ng/L in the second chronic test. However, a significant adverse effect was noted at 200 ng/L in that test. TBT concentrations reported in various marina areas of the northern Chesapeake Bay exceed toxic concentrations found forE. affinisin these laborato

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070107

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong the most toxic isomers of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, two groups of toxic aromatic compounds, are 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF). We examined the chronic toxicity of these compounds to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The fish (0.38 ± 0.09 g) were continuously exposed in an intermittent‐flow proportional diluter for 28 d to 0, 38, 79, 176, 382, and 789 pg TCDD/L (parts per quadrillion) or to 0, 0.41, 0.90, 1.79, 3.93, and 8.78 ng TCDF/L (parts per trillion); exposures to each chemical were followed by a 28‐d depuration phase. TCDD had significant effects on survival, growth, and behavior during the exposure and depuration phases. The no observed effect concentration was lower than the lowest exposure concentration of 38 pg/L. The average measured BCF at 28 days was 26,707. The estimated bioconcentration factor at steady‐state equilibrium was 39,000 in the lowest exposure concentration where fish were least affected. TCDF, like TCDD, induced similar effects on survival, growth and behavior. The no observed effect concentration, based on survival, was 1.79 ng/L; that based on growth was 0.41 ng/L. The measured bioconcentration factor was 6,049 in fish exposed to 0.41 ng/L, and 2,455 in fish exposed to 3.93 ng/

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070108

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA factorial design was used to determine the effects of age (2, 4, and 8 d for flagfish; 13, 20, and 26 d for white sucker) and ration (fed or unfed) on the acute toxicity of permethrin pulse exposure. A similar design was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of glyphosate to flagfish. Relative tolerance was assessed by determining the 2‐h pulse‐exposure concentration causing 50% mortality (PE LC50) over the subsequent 96 h. Age at exposure and the presence or absence of food modified the toxicity of permethrin to both flagfish and white sucker. White sucker were consistently less tolerant of permethrin than flagfish. Fed and unfed 8‐d‐old flagfish, as well as unfed 2‐d‐olds, showed equivalent levels of permethrin tolerance, with respective 96‐h PE LC50s of 0.57, 0.54, and 0.68 mg L−1. They were significantly less tolerant than 4‐d‐old unfed juveniles (2.97 mg L−1), which were in turn significantly less tolerant than 2‐ and 4‐d‐old fed juveniles, whose respective 96‐h PE LC50s were 5.55 and 7.91 mg L−1. Unfed white suckers were less tolerant than fed white suckers at all ages tested. Unfed white suckers at 13 d (96‐h PE LC50, 0.002 mg L−1) and 20 d (0.001 mg L−1) were significantly less tolerant than unfed fish at 26 d (0.172 mg L−1) and fed fish at 13 d (0.184 mg L−1), which were more tolerant than 20‐d‐old fed fish (0.010 mg L−1). Fed fish at 26 d of age were the most tolerant (3.668 mg L−1). Glyphosate proved to be relatively nontoxic to flagfish up to 30 mg L−1. No mortality was observed during the bioassays with 2‐ and 4‐d‐old fed and starved fish. Fed 8‐d‐olds (96‐h PE LC20, 29.6 mg L−1) were significantly more tolerant of glyphosate than were unfed 8‐d‐olds (96‐h PE LC20, 2.94 mg L−1). The sharply delineated periods of permethrin sen

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070109

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFosamine ammonium (Krenite®) is a highly water‐soluble carbamoylphosphonate herbicide used to control woody brush. It has been reported to be teratogenic to avian embryos following spray application of the eggs. The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of Krenite was examined in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). At 96 h of development, eggs were briefly immersed in distilled water or in Krenite formulation in distilled water at concentrations of 1.5, 6.5, or 30% fosamine ammonium. At 6.5% active ingredient (a.i.), Krenite reduced hatching success in bobwhite and mallards to 85 and 33% of that in the distilled‐water controls. At 30% a.i., Krenite caused 95 to 100% mortality in both species by the time of hatching. Early embryonic growth was impaired by 30% Krenite in both species. There was no evidence of teratogenesis of the axial skeleton, as reported previously in chickens and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Most abnormal embryos had severe edema and some stunting. Mallard hatchlings from the 1.5 and 6.5% Krenite groups weighed significantly less than controls and had lower plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, with elevated plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by Krenite in embryos and hatchl

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070110

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY