ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The need to investigate shoulder injury in swimmers other than the young and elite is evident, as all ages and levels are represented in the 100 million Americans who classify themselves as swimmers. To investigate the differences between young, highly competitive collegiate swimmers and older, less elite swimmers, a survey questionnaire was distributed to 100 collegiate and 100 master's swim teams. Questions regarding swimming routines, performance standards, and several possible predisposing factors associated with “swimmer's shoulder,” as implicated in the literature, were investigated. As expected, the results revealed that the collegiate group swam the higher yard-age, with considerably faster times in both the 50-and the 1,000-yd freestyle, and more than double the number of workouts per week. However, the collegiate and master's group reported similar percentages, 47 and 48%, respectively, experiencing shoulder pain lasting 3 weeks or more, despite the lesser distances and intensities associated with the latter group. Chi-square analysis revealed no association between shoulder pain and perceived level of flexibility, hand paddle usage, or breathing side for either group. However, over 50% of the swimmers with shoulder pan in both groups perceived that increased intensities and/or distance provoked shoulder pain, indicating that fatigue may be the issue to avoid and on which to focus. Strengthening the muscles of the shoulder, specifically those shown to have a propensity to fatigue, provides a strong defense against injury, as fatigue of the shoulder muscles may be the initial antecedent to swimmer's shoulder. These results give the swimmer, coach, and medical practitioner feedback to consider for a swimmer of any age or level.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Axial views of the patella are standard in the investigation of anterior Knee symptoms, and many investigators use congruence angles and patellar tilt in determining the diagnosis and appropriate treatment. A variety of different methods are used to obtain axial radiographs of the patella, but they are static representations of a dynamic phenomenon. The effect of quadriceps contraction on these indices has not been well defined. The purpose of this study was to compare the 30° axial view of the patella with the 45° axial view of the patella and to study the effect of quadriceps contraction on the 30° axial radiograph of the patella. Forty knees with normal patellofemoral joints and 20 knees with patellar subluxation were radiographed using 30° axial views of the patella with the quadriceps relaxed and contracted and with 45° axial views with the quadriceps relaxed. There was no significant difference in the sulcus or congruence angles between the 30 and 45° axial view in either the control or the patellar subluxation group. Contraction of the quadriceps did not cause a significant or consistent alteration in the congruence angles in either group. With quadriceps contraction, 55% of patients will centralize the patella, whereas 40% will actually increase lateral tracking or subluxation. In conclusion. the 30° axial view of the patella is equivalent to the 45° axial view in the assessment of patellar subluxation. Quadriceps contraction does not alter the congruence angles obtained in these axial views in a significant or consistent manner. Therefore, indices obtained from radiographs taken in a static mode with a relaxed quadriceps may not relate with the clinical situation and may be of limited value.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of the nonrigid subtalar stabilizer (STS) ankle brace under conditions similar to an unexpected fall that could lead to a lateral ligament injury. The calcaneal inversion angles, times, and ground reaction forces were measured when the subject's right foot, bearing body weight, was suddenly inverted to a side slope of 22°. Thirty subjects, 15 women and 15 men, participated in the study. The overall inversion drop was divided into two phases, free fall and loading. Based on the data of this study it is suggested that the major function of a brace is to restrict the amount of foot inversion during the fall before actual landing occurs rather than functioning as a force bypass for the lateral ligaments during loading after foot contact. The results showed that the brace significantly (p< 0.05) reduced the maximum calcaneal inversion angle from 27.4 ± 6.1 to 18.3 ± 6.0° for the overall drop, significantly lengthened the inversion time from 0.14 ± 0.04 to 0.18 ± 0.04 s for the overall drop, and significantly reduced the calcaneal peak inversion velocity from 324.6 ± 111.9 to 165.2 ± 66.5°/s during loading, and from 278.7 ± 120.0 to 183.0 ± 108.7°/s for the overall drop. Following exercise, which incorporated lateral movements and sprinting, the STS ankle brace continued to provide significant (p< 0.05) reduction in the calcaneal inversion angle and velocity, although some of its effectiveness was reduced. The results of this study suggest that the nonrigid STS ankle brace provides support that could reduce injuries by significantly restricting the degree of calcaneal inversion range of motion during an unexpected fall; significantly lengthening the time of inversion, thereby decreasing the rate at which the calcaneus inverts during a sudden inversion drop; and maintaining this support following sprinting and lateral movement exercises.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use and assess the frequency of other psychoactive substance use in a population of AAS users compared with non AAS-using weight-lifter controls. One hundred sixty-four subjects were administered a demographic survey, including psychiatric history, substance use history, AAS use history, and medical history. Psychiatric diagnoses were made and psychological testing was performed. User categories were determined by history and urine testing. The user categories did not differ significantly on psychological testing. Past AAS users had a higher incidence of psychiatric diagnosis than the nonuser and current user groups. Hypomania was correlated with AAS use, and major depression with AAS discontinuation. Present psychoactive substance abuse or dependence was relatively low across all user categories. AAS dependence was seen in 12.9% of current users and 15.2% of past users of AAS. In conclusion, AAS use may lead to psychiatric disorders in certain individuals, Concurrent use of psychoactive drugs other than AAS does not appear to be common in intensively training weight lifters and bodybuilders.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of orientation and recent memory questions in the diagnosis of concussion. In a prospective study over 7 consecutive years (1985–1991), all players at a professional Australian Rules Football club who sustained a concussive injury (n= 28) were administered a set of questions evaluating orientation and recent memory. Concussion was diagnosed independently on the basis of loss or disturbance of consciousness and clinical symptoms. A control group of agematched nonconcussed players was administered the same set of questions. The results showed that items evaluating recently acquired information were more sensitive in the assessment of concussion than standard orientation items. The relative sensitivity of orientation questions must be considered when they are used in the clinical diagnosis of concussion in sport.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This project studied high-risk activities in adolescent male athletes (ages 13–19) compared with a control group of adolescent male and female nonathletes. All athletes surveyed participated in one or more interscholastic sports. The prevalence of drug use by athletes compared to nonathletes was determined. Of the 19 drugs observed in this study, all were shown to have a lower prevalence of use among athletes in their senior year of high school, compared to the comparison group. Among the more commonly abused substances by the athlete population, beer, wine and whiskey, cigarettes, and marijuana were shown to have a lower use rate, by 25.5, 39.9, 57.5, and 57.7%, respectively. The prevalence of drug use by adolescent male athletes compared to adolescent nonathletes was also studied. Of the 19 individual drugs surveyed, all demonstrated a lower prevalence of use among athletes in their senior year of high school compared to the national data. The second high-risk activity measured was sexual activity. Of the athletes, 45.5% stated that they had never had sexual intercourse, compared to 50.0% of the nonathletes. Of the sexually active athletes, 81.9% had their first intercourse at between 13 and 15 years of age, whereas only 67.8% of the nonathlete control group had done so. This difference diminished significantly at age 16 and above. The results of this study suggest that participation in athletics by male athletes may lead to a significant decrease in drug and alcohol use and abuse but, also, may increase early sexual contact. These trends were seen throughout all 4 years of high school in the athletes studied.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Little is known about the relative injury risk of obese adolescent football players. Two high school varsity teams were followed prospectively for injuries after measurement of height, weight, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds during the preseason. Certified athletic trainers who were present at all practices recorded all injuries that required a player to miss at least one practice or game. In all, 98 players were enrolled in the study. Twenty-eight injuries were documented in 24 different players. There were 27 (28%) players with the sum of skinfolds ⩾ 95th percentile for age; eight of them had nine injuries. The overall prevalence of injuries per player per season was 0.28 for players ⩽ 95th percentile and 0.33 for players above this percentile (not significant). High body mass (body weight >90 kg) was associated with a 2.5 times higher relative risk of injury. While this study did not find evidence for an overall higher injury rate in overly fat high school football players, an alarmingly high incidence of obesity was found in this athletic population.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Ballet dancers are exposed to great eccentric loading of the lower extremities due to a high frequency of repetitive jumps and leaps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) knee extensor muscle endurance and strength in professional ballet dancers (six men and 11 women) in relation to moderately active control subjects (17 men and 18 women). A Biodex dynamometer was used for isokinetic torque measurements. The ECC endurance (total work per kilogram) was on average 31% greater in professional ballet dancers compared to control subjects, while the corresponding average difference for CON endurance was 7%. A greater ECC/CON total work ratio was observed for ballet dancers (mean ballet, 2.07; mean control, 1.74). The ECC and CON strengths (peak torque per kilogram) were greater in professional ballet dancers compared to controls (27 and 22%). No intraindividual torque difference between left and right limbs was found. Men showed significantly greater strength (peak torque per kilogram) and endurance (total work per kilogram) compared to women, similar in both groups. No differences in the ECC/CON relationship between genders were observed. In essence, our results favor the hypothesis that repetitive loading of the lower extremities in ballet dance leads to a higher standard of ECC knee extensor endurance.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review is intended to improve the understanding of and rationale for the use of the term shin splints. Currently the term is used widely and variably, with little consensus of definition. Broadly, it denotes the occurrence of exertional lower leg pain; more specifically, it refers to an anatomical site of periostitis. The literature reports a multiplicity of descriptions and definitions of shin splints resultant from the complex etiologies and differing perceptions of these conditions. It is proposed that the term shin splint be recognized as generic, rather than diagnostic, and that specific conditions that currently exist under this term be differentiated. The etiology and interaction of these related conditions are considered, and a classification based on the current literature is given of conditions currently termed shin splints, providing a rationale for their clinical presentations, investigative findings, and interactions.

ISSN:1050-642X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID