ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00971.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00972.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00973.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExamination of educational continuation decisions from Year 10 to tertiary entrance indicates that the major decision point appears to be at the end of Year 10. This is true even for persons entering tertiary education. Policies aimed at altering the social composition of high school graduates or tertiary sector participants should therefore be aimed at the Year 10 threshold or at even earlier stages in the educational process. However, as differences in participation in education amongst various socioeconomic groups appear to reflect differences in attitudes rather than purely financial factors, it may be difficult for authorities to expand school retention in the short term.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00974.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryHow much does family background matter in determining the labour market success of young people? What role does education play in the transmission of advantage from one generation to another? Studies which have examined observable family characteristics have generally concluded that family background has only a moderate influence upon labour market outcomes, and that this influence is generally mediated through educational attainment.However the relevant family characteristics are typically difficult to identify, let alone measure. This paper examines a sample of siblings from the Australian Longitudinal Survey in order to capture the effects of unobservable family characteristics. Siblings, by definition, have their families and associated environments in common. Thus the extent to which siblings have similar outcomes in the labour market is an indicator of the effect of family background (defined broadly) on labour market success.A number of different outcome measures are examined, including earnings, incomes and experience of unemployment. The effect of transitory variations on these outcomes is discussed. Sibling outcomes are found to be quite strongly correlated, though differences are observed between brother, sister and mixed sibling pairs.Because unmeasured family characteristics are associated with both education and labour market outcomes, their addition to conventional human capital models leads to a downward revision of the effects of education. However such conclusions must be considered in the light of the reliability and validity of the measures of educational attainment.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00975.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryCurrent Government education policy presents some stark contrasts. While subsidies to secondary students are being increased significantly by an expansion of secondary allowances, individual subsidies at the tertiary level are to be reduced via a system of fees or taxes. This policy development is substantially predicated upon the Government's belief that higher education students tend to come from privileged backgrounds. This study explores that hypothesis by analysing the influence of family background on the transition of Year 12 school‐leavers to further education or the labour‐force.Excellent data from the Australian Longitudinal Survey are used to focus on some previously under‐researched aspects of this question. Six models axe reported, each offering different trade‐offs between the competing needs for comprehensive coverage of explanatory variables and data coverage.The strongest result obtained is the consistent significance of the mother's educational qualifications in the child's decision to proceed to further education. Equally interesting is the insignificance of the father's educational level. The paternal variables which influence tertiary outcomes are income and/or occupation. Attendance at a private non‐Catholic school is also influential.The paper reports provocative evidence on the outcomes of the children of non‐English speaking migrants. While this group is often perceived as educationally disadvantaged by their parents' ethnic origins, the results of this study indicate that they are more likely to proceed to tertiary studies than are the children of English speakers.Part‐time employment of school children is an increasingly common phenomenon. The preliminary evidence here indicates that the children involved subsequently have lower representation in tertiary institutions but higher employment probabilities in the labour‐force.The results imply that mothers and fathers play different roles in influencing their children's outcomes. But there is often a high degree of correlation between maternal and paternal characteristics which makes it difficult to identify separately their respective influences.In summary, the results suggest that family background matters. But the implications for public policy which aims at redressing imbalances in society are complex. On the one hand the children of the well educated and from private schools are more likely to attend tertiary institutions. On the other hand, the migrant “success” story suggests that motivated individuals have it within their grasp to determine their educational and work outcomes. Together, the results point to the importance of attitudes in determining participation in tertiary education and suggest that attention to this factor could enhance the effects of educational subsidies provided to

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00976.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis paper examines the disaggregated components of Australian teenage labour force participation rates for males and females, for part‐time and full‐time participants and for those still at school. The paper also examines school participation rates for the same group of teenagers. Data are analysed for the period 1978 quarter 1 to 1987 quarter 2. In line with previous research, labour market demand factors are found to be major explanators of participation rates, but supply side effects due to the government's secondary school student allowance and also unemployment benefits are found to be important determinants of work and schooling decisi

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00977.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00978.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis paper reports results from modelling the employment state calendars merged from the Australian Longitudinal Survey's 1985 and 1986 Area Samples. A semi‐Markov model is proposed for the transitions between the three employment states: employed, unemployed and not‐in‐the‐labour‐force.Sojourn times in each of the states are fitted by the non‐parametric maximum likelihood methods proposed by Dinse&Larsen (1986), as are probabilities of transition between states. These models contrast with existing work where, typically, only the unemployment state is modelled and where unemployment times are fitted by parametric means.The richness of the ALS data enables us to take in sex, age and educational attainment factors at two levels each by use of cohorts rather than by parametric models.We show that age and education both play a significant role in duration of employment and unemployment. We also show that the initial state sampled (which will often be the first event post‐schooling) may be different from the other events to a much greater degree than length‐biasing would indicate.We find that there is a significant “hard‐core” of unemployed and employed, and that a Weibull model fits the data well after thi

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00979.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySome of the issues in the analysis of durations of unemployment spells are considered, including, in particular, notions of duration dependence and the effect of the sampling scheme on the correct incorporation of incomplete or censored spells. Attention is restricted to analysis of spells overlapping a particular time point, and consideration is given to the situations where one has data only on the backward recurrence times, and where additional follow‐up information on the forward recurrence times is also available. In the former case a quasi‐likelihood approach is suggested as a possible alternative to full parametric modelling under some special conditions, while in the latter case arguments are forwarded in favour of analyses based on the conditional distribution of the forward recurrence times given the backward recurrence times. The methods are briefly illustrated using samples extracted from the Australian Longitudinal Sur

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1989.tb00980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY