摘要:

By means of semithin section histology and electron microscopy the following male germ cells are described: gonocytes and prospermatogonia in the embryonic and fetal testes; spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in the testis of the adult; abnormal spermatogonia and spermatocytes, which are not tumour cells. In contrast to these cells, four main tumour cell types which on the basis of morphological criteria can be said to be derived from germ cells, are classified and designated as Tc 1 to Tc 4. The various tissues accompanying the tumour cells are briefly described.

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on evidence from morphological and histochemical studies and from clinical experience, the following hypotheses are proposed: (1) carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) germ cells are malignant gonocytes; (2) these CIS gonocytes have some capacity to regress into more primitive, totipotent embryonic cells which can give rise to all types of nonseminomatous germ cell tumours; (3) the tumour germ cells of classical seminomas are malignant gonocytes derived from CIS gonocytes which have lost their ability to regress into totipotent embryonic cells; (4) the ability of CIS gonocytes to regress into totipotent embryonic cells decreases with age, whereas the capacity to form classical seminoma cells is preserved; (5) the transformation of CIS gonocytes into invasive tumours is dependent on factors such as gonadotrophins and/or testicular steroids; (6) the pathogenesis of classical and spermatocytic seminoma are unrelated.As a consequence of these hypotheses an alternative nomenclature for carcinoma‐in‐situ, seminoma and dysgerminoma is su

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Immunohistochemical localization of placental alkaline phosphatase (PlAP) has been performed on eighty‐two samples of normal (embryonic, fetal, infantile or adult), cryptorchid or tumorous testicular tissue. The isoenzyme could be demonstrated at the cell membrane of primitive, embryonic germ cells but not in other normal tissues. In‐situ carcinomas and seminomas were positively stained in 93% and 94% of cases respectively. The percentage of positivity decreased with tumour differentiation. It is suggested that PlAP is a marker of primitive germ cells and that it reappears in germ cell neoplasms by gene derepress

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The presence and distribution of macrophages, several subtypes of lymphocytes and HLA antigens in the human testis were studied using monoclonal antibodies and immunocytochemical staining. Cells identified as tissue macrophages were relatively abundant. They were dispersed individually in the interstitium and were often included in Leydig cell clusters. Occasional macrophages were observed in the tubular wall, but never in the seminiferous tubules. Very few lymphocytes were found in the testicular interstitium. These were mainly T lymphocytes. T helper/inducer and T cytotoxic/suppressor cells were extremely scarce. B1+ cells were not observed, but occasional Leu‐14+ cells could be seen. NK cells were not found. The number of T lymphocytes in the tunica albuginea was considerably higher than in the interstitial tissue. HLA‐ABC and HLA‐DR antigens could be observed in the endothelial cells and macrophages which were both strongly positive. The myoid cells and the Leydig cells expressed these antigens only weakly. Neither of the HLA antigens was expressed in the germinal epith

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The identity of the germ cell tumours of the pineal and the thymus with those of the testis and ovary suggests that the widely disseminated primordial germ cells might subserve some special function in these sanctuaries. It is proposed that thymic localization might be required for the conveyance of genetic haematological and immunological information and that the pineal–diencephalic localization could programme neuroophthalmic tissues prior to the development of the blood–brain barrier. The latter speculation was tested by producing allergic encephalomyelitis in thymectomized, bursectomized and thymobursectomized chickens. It was found that although thymectomy and, to a lesser extent, bursectomy decreased the severity of the experimental encephalomyelitis the combined procedure resulted in more severe inflammatory lesions. This may be due to release of suppressed intraneural immunological mechanisms in the somatically impaired b

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Normal testicular tissue and primary and metastatic testicular germ cell tumours were examined for their intermediate filament protein (IFP) expression. Seminomas were shown to react with antibodies to vimentin, while non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours were strongly positive with antibodies to cytokeratin. In the case of teratocarcinoma, several components of the tumour can be distinguished using a combination of monoclonal and polyclonal antisera in the double‐label immunofluorescence technique. We conclude that antibodies to cytokeratin and vimentin can be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumours, especially in the differentiation between seminomas and non‐seminomatous testis tu

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The central problem in cancer therapy is the poor selectivity of current systemic agents against the common solid tumours. The demonstration that unique segments of DNA, constant in location and conserved in evolution are involved in growth control opens new avenues for basic and clinical research. The function of the products of these genes needs to be elucidated. Examples of growth control functions include homology to growth factors, surface receptors, protein kinases and cell cycle control proteins. From DNA sequence data peptides predicted to be exposed within intact molecules can be constructed and used to produce monoclonal antibodies to oncogene products. Such antibodies have now been successfully used to demonstrate the intracellular localization of gene products as well as the cell cycle regulatory role of the c‐myc protein. By having a battery of antibodies against the different gene products their direct clinical application for diagnosis and prognosis has become a reality. Immunohistology and flow cytometry permit the geographical and quantitative analysis of function in normal and neoplastic tissues. Furthermore, by purification and biochemical analysis the molecular basis for their action can be elucidated. It is likely that by the end of the decade new drugs that inhibit oncoprotein function will be available for clinical tria

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a search for consistent cytogenetic alterations in testicular germ cell cancers we have thus far studied some twenty surgical specimens of seminomas and nonseminomatous tumours. From the literature and our results it is now clear that such testicular tumours generally have a hyperdiploid to hypotriploid chromosomal content, and frequently possess a possibly site‐specific chromosomal marker, an isochromosome 12p. A significant correlation between the presence of the i(12p) and advanced clinical stages has been revealed in our study. Several other chromosomal regions are consistently involved in cytogenetic changes: 1p and 1q, 6q, 7p, 9q, 12p, 17q, and 22q. Although there is little doubt that characteristic chromosomal lesions exist in testicular germ cell tumours, the impact which specific lesions may have on tumour progression is still unclea

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven testicular tumours of different histological type—two seminomas, two teratomas/teratocarcinomas/embryonal carcinomas, one mixed seminoma/teratoma, one Leydig cell tumour and one testicular lymphoma—were examined for the expression of four potentially growth regulatory genes by Northern blotting. Seven out of seven testicular tumours contained transcripts that hybridized with a human insulin cDNA‐probe whereas only four out of seven tumours contained IGF II transcripts. One tumour contained high levels of LDL‐receptor transcript whereas all seven tumours contained significant quantities of HMG‐CoA‐red

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Analysis of 101 patients with germ cell tumours of the testis who have been typed for HLA DR antigens has provided confirmatory evidence for an association of DR5 with the development of seminoma and demonstrated an association of DR7 with metastases. These observations taken with the suggestion of HLA linkage in the small numbers of familial cases reviewed, does suggest that there is an HLA linked gene involved in the clinicopathological behaviour of germ cell tumours. Though of only theoretical interest at present these observations may be of considerable importance in the future given the observation in mice that transfection of missing MHC genes into a malignant tumour can produce a vaccine that enables previously unexposed animals to resist the original malignant tumour (Hui et al., 1984).

ISSN:0105-6263    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY