摘要:

AbstractRelease of adrenal medullary hormones as a result of activating the orthostatic pressor reflex may influence human infants' later behavior. The amount of time mothers held their infants in an upright position during the 1st and 3rd months postpartum was negatively related to the same children's tendency to cope with difficulties encountered in manipulating inanimate objects at the age of 30 months. This effect may represent a physiological response to early maternal handling.

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relative effectiveness of complex and simple auditory signals was examined by presenting 2‐day‐old infants with a sequence of stimuli consisting of a white noise and a variety of pure tones (which ranged from 250 to 8000 Hz). “Catch” trials during which no stimulus was presented were interspersed throughout. The frequency of occurrence during “catch” trials of each of the response indicators (cardiac acceleration, toward‐turning eye movements, and finger movements) was used as the baseline. Although the white noise stimulus elicited significantly more responses on each of the measures than occurred during “catch” trials, none of the pure tones produced significant changes in baseline rates for any of the measures. Failure to obtain an effect on pure tone stimulation could have stemmed from an intensity effect. Therefore, an additional group of infants was examined using pure tones that ranged in intensity from 50 to 80 db (the intensity range covered by the relevant component frequencies in the white noise). None of these stimuli at any of the intensities used had an effect on an

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA lordosis‐like response and a purring vocalization which was similar to that emitted by the adult male in precopulatory displays were observed in suckling guinea pigs. During that period in which parental stimulation was required to elicit micturition, both responses occurred in the context of nursing behavior and were frequently followed by the mother's licking the pups' anogenital regions; there was no sex difference in the display of these behaviors. When adult micturition behavior matured, the frequency of lordosing waned in both sexes; purring also declined in females, but in males, purring became associated with a hip‐swaying movement and increased in frequency. In adult females, the display of lordosis and/or purring was confined to estrous periods; males were not observed to lordose as adults, but purred when exposed to estrous females. Isolation‐ and mother‐reared animals displayed the same response organizations in infancy and adulthood. The functional reorganization of these responses in ontogeny is di

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRats aged 2–2½ years, whose cerebellums were focally irradiated with a variable number of daily does of 200 R X ray during infancy were tested on a number of qualitative behavioral observations (motor activity, ataxia, tremor, and emotionality). We noted that many of the behavioral abnormalities, in evidence in the preweaning observations which had then disappeared, reappeared again in old age. A treatment‐senescence interactions was suggested to account for the

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMother and infant squirrel monkeys were housed together in either a group or a restricted environment until the infants were approximately 22 weeks of age. Observations of the mothers' and infants' behavior during this period revealed clear differences between the rearing conditions. Mothers in the socially restricted environment avoided and punished their infants more and were generally less protective than those in the group environment. However, these differences did not appear to reflect differences in maternal attitudesper se, but rather the extent to which infants in the two environments engaged in certain activities. Infants in the restricted environment attempted to play with their mother more often and remained closer to her as they became older.

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMother and infant squirrel monkeys that were previously housed together in either a social or restricted environment were given the opportunity to select each other, an unfamiliar female, an unfamiliar infant, or an empty cage, in a free‐choice situation. The time spent with the different choices was used as an index of the animal's preference. Five of the six socially reared infants clearly preferred their mother to the other choices, whereas only one (the youngest) of the six infants reared alone with its mother showed a preference for her. Most of the mothers in both groups did not show any preference among the four choices, although two mothers from the social group and two from the restricted group did spend considerably more time with their own infant. The differences between the two groups of infants is discussed in terms of differences in the environmental characteristics and mother‐infant relationship of the two rearing environme

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments studied the open‐field behaviors of rat mothers as a function of offspring manipulation. In the first experiment mothers whose offspring were “handled” were compared with mothers whose offspring were not handled. Mothers of handled offspring were found to be less emotional in the open field than control mothers. In the second experiment control litters and litters handled during their first week were fostered to mothers of nonhandled litters. The foster mothers and their new litters were not disturbed again until weaning 2 weeks later. Again, mothers which reared handled litters were less emotional than those which reared nonhandled litters. It was concluded that mothers are affected by early handling of their offspring, that the direction of influence can be from infant to mother, and that the effects of mother‐infant interactions are likely to be extremely

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTactile and proprioceptive stimulation designed to approximate natural sources of stimulation was administered to chick embryos from the 5th to the 16th day of incubation in the first 3 of 5 separate experiments. Such stimulation produced few modifications in the frequency, periodicity or qualitative aspects of embryos' movements at any age. In experiment IV, stimulation, considered to be atypical with regard to the frequency and intensity of administration, was found to modify the periodic but not the frequency aspects of embryonic behavior on Day 10 of incubation. The final experiment (V) provided partial support for the hypothesis that the general lack of effect of tactile‐proprioceptive stimulation in undisturbed chick embryos is due to a rather rapid cessation of responding. It was concluded that these 5 experiments support the contention that spontaneous activity is an important aspect of the normal embryonic behavior of the chic

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420050101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY