摘要:

Multivariate analyses of 393 butterfly species over 85 geographical areas (R‐ and Q‐data matrices) in Europe and North Africa have produced a consistent pattern of faunal structures (units and regions). Prominent features to emerge are the latitudinal zonation of geographical units and the division of the Mediterranean into western and eastern components; southwards in Europe, endemicity increases whereas faunal structures decrease in spatial dimensions. Central Europe–from the Urals to the British Isles–forms a single large faunal structure (extent unit and region). A model has been constructed to account for Pleistocene evolutionary changes and endemism in European butterflies and for the east‐west taxonomic divisions in the extent faunal structure which dominates central Europe. Periodic Pleistocene climatic changes have resulted in cycles of population extinction, isolation, evolution and migration, but the nature and timing of events has depended on the environmental tolerances of species belonging to different faunal units. During Pleistocene glaciations, southern species have been relatively static and more isolated and have evolved independently. By comparison, northern species have been more mobile and have migrated over large distances. Contact and hybrid zones among cosmopolitan species in northern Europe are probably of some antiquity. They result from persistent survival and isolation of refuge populations in the west and east Mediterranean during glacial phases; dispersal from these refuges leads to their regeneration during each int

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00884.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A second species ofHadromastax H. polynesicasp. nov.,is described from shallow coral reef habitats at Bora Bora and Moorea, Society Islands. Males of the genus are described for the first time.Hadromastax polynesicadiffers from the type speciesH. mergain having a short pereonite 1, more acute and recurved pleonal processes and large, laterally expanded, dorsal coxal plates. On the basis of newly available descriptive data forHadromastaxand the Limnoriidae a new family, Hadromastacidae, is established forHadromastax.The new family is characterized by unfused dorsal coxal plates on pereonite 1, uropodal rami articulating separately, mandible with a conical incisor, and lack of lacinia mobilis, spine row and molar process.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00885.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Apsisaurus witteri(gen. et sp. nov.. from the Lower Permian of Texas is identified as a diapsid, based on the presence of both a lateral temporal fenestra and a suborbital fenestra. Derived characters shared with neodiapsids but not with araeoscelidians suggest thatApsisaurusis more closely related to modern diapsids than to araeoscelidians. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that younginiforms are not part of the crown group of diapsids.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Zoological Explorations of Southern Africa, 1650–1790, by L. C. RookmaakerAphid Predators, by Graham E. RotherayThe Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, by Michael J. RobertsPrimitive Ghost Moths, by Ebbe S. Nielsen&Niels P. KristensenScanning Microscopy of Vertebrate Mineralized Tissues, edited by Lawrence Martin, Alan Boyde, Frederick Grime&Sheila JonesBritish Pyralid Moths, A Guide to their Identification, by Barry GoaterAntibodies: a practical approach. Volume II, edited by D. Cat

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00887.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00884a.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY