ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01251.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis is presented of a sample of Atractaspididae (sensuMcDowell) plusMacrelaps, Aparallactus, Apostolepis, Elapomorphus, Homoroselapsand six genera of African elapids in respect of squamation, reproductive organs, skull, head muscles and vertebrae.Homoroselapsis linked with the African Elapidae and is returned to that family. Scattered special resemblances to atractaspids are interpreted as homoplasies. Some interrelationships of the African elapids are suggested. The South AmericanApostolepisandElapomorphusrepresent a separate, possibly related, lineage at the same grade level as the African Atractaspididae.MacrelapsandAparallactusare transferred to the Atractaspididae.Atractaspisemerges as a low grade but highly divergent member of the family.Macrelapsis the most primitive. The other taxonomic units are completely resolved with, however, the anomaly of reversal to the seemingly primitive states of six characters in four lineages (six genera). The Atractaspididae,ApostolepisandElapomorphusare regarded as low grade members of the Caenophidia. It is suggested that early in the history of the caenophidian lineage a venom apparatus was acquired, prior to the major radiation of the group. Many descendent lineages show regression of the venom apparatus.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The genilalia of animals, particularly insects, are extremely useful taxonomic characters, for they are highly conserved within species yet generally diverge rapidly during specialion: often the only reliable means of separating sibling species is via the morphology of the genilalia. A number of explanations have been proposed to explain this pattern of variation, the most prominent of which is the ‘lock‐and‐key’ hypothesis. This hypothesis and others are tested using the meadow brown butterfly,Maniola jurtina(L.), which exhibits variation in the male genitalia. A novel technique is described which enables dissection of copulating couples. Sampling and dissection of male butterflies from 14 populations in southern England was carried out to quantify variation in the genitalia. Mating success and the strength of the male‐female bond during copulation was assessed in relation to the dimensions of the male genitalia.The most variable portions of the male genitalia are the distal and dorsal margins of the paired valves. Contrary to the lock‐and‐key hypothesis, and the more recent sexual selection model, evidence is presented that the most variable portions of the genitalia have no apparent function during copulation, and therefore may not be subject to direct selection. I suggest that neutrality to selection was essential for the evolution of the wide variety in genital morphology currently found in th

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01253.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Whole‐animal anatomy is used in a cladistic analysis of five genera of brackish‐water hydrobiids living in the western Atlantic.Antillobia margalefi gen.&sp. nov.(Hydrobiidae: Littoridininae) is described based on specimens from Lago Enriquillo, an inland saline lake in the Dominican Republic. The topology (Hydrobia(Spurwinkia(Heleobia(Heleobops(Antillobia))))) is considerably better than any alternative. Among 27 characters and a total of 39 character states used in the analysis, only two convergences are detected, and these involve the genitalia. Detailed anatomical data are shown to be necessary to assess relationships in the presence of constraints on morphological evolution imposed by a very small s

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01254.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Hair of West‐European Mammals. Atlas and Identification Key, by B. J. Teerink.Koobi Fora Research Project, Vol. 3, The Fossil Ungulates: Geology, Fossil Artiodactyls, and Palaeoenvironments, edited by J. M. HarrisBiomechanics in Evolution (Society for Experimental Biology Series No. 36), edited by J. M. V. Rayner and R. J. Wooton.Efficiency and Economy in Animal Physiology, edited by R. W. Blak

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01255.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb01251a.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY