摘要:

The defensive behaviour of 18 species of mantids is described and further details are given of the defences of 12 species whose behaviour was described in an earlier paper. As a result the defences of 37 genera of Ghanaian mantids are now known. Most species of Mantinae have a general resemblance to their background and inSphodromantis lineolaandMiomantis paykulliithere is a correlation between colour of background and colour of insect. Most other species of mantid have a highly specific resemblance to bark, grass, sticks or leaves, and the evolution of these insects is discussed. Fire melanism occurs inGalepsus toganusandPyrgomantis pallida.Evidence is presented which suggests that the selective factor leading to reduction of wings in females of many species is predation by birds. Ten species of mantid have first instars which mimic ants, and inS. lineolafirst instars are positively associated withOecophylla,the ant they most closely resemble.Tarachodes afzeliinot only has nymphs which resemble ants but it preys extensively on ants as well. The functions of startle displays and the evolution of ocelli in mantids are discussed, and four types of territorial display which result in spacing out of nymphs are described.SUMMARYThe defensive behaviour of 18 species of mantids is described in this paper and further details are given of the defences of 12 species whose behaviour was described earlier (Edmunds, 1972). As a result the defences of 37 genera of Ghanaian mantids are now known. Most species of the Mantinae lack a specific resemblance to particular objects but have a green/brown polymorphism, and evidence is presented showing that there is a correlation between background colour and colour of the mantid inSphodromantis lineolaandMiomantis paykullii.Most other species of mantid have a highly specific resemblance to bark, grass, sticks or leaves, and the evolution of these insects is discussed. Fire melanism occurs inGalepsus toganusandPyrgomantis pallida.Evidence is presented which suggests that wing reduction in females results in decreased predation by birds. Wing reduction gives better primary defence but the wings cannot be completely lost if they are also used for a startle display in secondary defence.Many species of mantid have first instars which mimic ants and the fact thatS. lineolafirst instars have a positive association with the antOecophyllaindicates that ant mimicry is of defensive importance. Species which have relatively unspecialized adults normally have ant‐mimicking nymphs (e.g. most of the Mantinae), but some species which have highly modified adults do not have ant‐mimicking nymphs, probably because already at the first instar the nymph is “preadapted” to becoming an adult and so cannot resemble an ant.Tarachodes afzeliinot only has ant‐mimicking nymphs but also lives amongst and feeds on ants. It has a special technique for knocking off ants which come near it and which it cannot eat.The functions of startle displays and the evolution of ocelli inPseudo‐creobotraare discussed.Territorial displays which result in spacing out of nymphs are described. These result in reduced cannibalism and they may also serve to partition out the available food resources. Not all mantids have territorial displays, but four different displays have evolved in different species which appear to have th

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00818.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 339 species‐group names in the gastropod genusConusproposed between 1758 and 1800 have been analyzed in chronological order, in order to (1) identify each nominal species, and (2) determine the correct name of each valid species. Additions and corrections are given to the author's series of papers on type specimens and identity of the described species ofConus.A table listing the 339 species‐group names alphabetically indicates the present locations of the 124 known type specimens and the status of each name. At present, 123 valid species are recognized (118 Recent, 5 Tertiary), 159 names are synonyms of previously or simultaneously described species, 35 arenomina dubia,19 are assigned to infrasubspecific rank, and 3 have been trandferred to genera in other families. Problems involving homonymy of 44 names have been resolved. The proportion of valid species to described species remained quite constant (about 80%) between 1758 and 1786, but then declined sharply to 40%. By 1800, although only 13% of all known species‐group names inConushad been introduced, they probably account for 25% of the known valid Recent species. Extension of the chronological study to species described through 1840 may establish the correct names of half the valid Recent species of

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A revised classification of the naked amoebae is proposed on the basis of a synthesis of many kinds of information presently available for taxonomic purposes above the species level. These amoebae, constituting the subclass Gymnamoebia within the class Lobosea, superclass Rhizopoda, include not only strictly lobose amoebae but also those with more or less filose subpseudopodia produced from a broader hyaline lobe. The subclass is divided into the orders Amoebida, Schizopyrenida, and Pelobiontida, and suborders are recognized within the order Amoebida. Although the Gymnamoebia are undoubtedly heterogeneous and polyphyletic and the proposed classification is intended chiefly as a practical system with a logical basis, there are a few suggestions of natural relationships.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A review ofSchizoperaSars indicates that four species are so much more primitive in the antenna and leg setation that they should be removed to a new genus,Eoschizopera,which can be considered as a direct and immediate ancestor ofSchizopera.A further, new, species is described in this new genus. The relationships within this branch of the family Diosaccidae are discussed and the scheme of family evolution proposed by Lang is modified to includeEoschizoperaand other genera not considered by him(Goffinella, Protopsammotopa, Psammotopa, Actopsyllus, Balucopsylla, Schizoperoides). Actopsyllus hartmannorumKunz is removed to a further new genus‐Helmutkunzi

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00818a.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY