摘要:

Despite considerable research in second language learning in classroom environments in this century, and despite the many pedagogical applications that such work has made possible, teachers and learners alike still complain about the fact that autonomous student discourse lacks the conceptual richness that characterizes native speaker discourse. The purpose of this essay is to suggest that the notion of “conceptual fluency”, which has been derived from the current research on the role of metaphor in language and cognition, can be used to draft a teaching curriculum around the notion that metaphor is the organizing principle of common discou

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the context of European integration, language and culture generally are discussed with reference to the individual languages and cultural identities of the European Community (EC) member states. Often implicit and explicit in these discussions is concern with the spread of English and the impact of American culture on the cultures of the EC. This paper approaches these issues from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. Rather than identify English solely with speakers from Great Britain or with artifacts of American culture, it is argued that English belongs to those who use it and therefore has the potential to be a means of expression of European identity. It is further suggested that these social and political issues are related to communicative competence and models of language, central concerns in the decisionmaking of English language teaching specialists in Europe.

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A job interview role‐play situation was used to examine the strategies that interviewers employ when asking personal as compared to neutral questions. In the first experiment, mock interviews were conducted in either a face‐to‐face setting or over the telephone. Participants played the role of an interviewer and a confederate acted as the interviewee. The hypotheses tested were: 1) personal questions would be asked later than neutral questions; 2) more hesitation markers, tag questions and hedges would be used when asking personal questions than for neutral ones; 3) the behaviours hypothesised above would be more pronounced in the face‐to‐face than in the telephone setting. Support was found for the first two hypotheses but not for the third. In order to examine whether or not hypothesis 2 (hesitation markers, tag questions and hedges) was confounded by hypothesis 1 (order effect), a second experiment was carried out in which the order of personal and neutral questions was randomised across subjects. The results confirmed hyp

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigates English speakers' interlanguage constructions using the Chinese perfective aspect and the sentence‐final modal particle. The speech data produced by two different levels of learners were collected, compared and analyzed. The results show that although the surface forms of the perfective aspect ‐leand sentence‐finalleare identical, they are learned differently, with the perfective aspect ‐leacquired first. Furthermore, at the early stage of acquisition of sentence‐finalle, English‐speaking learners experience acquisition difficulties and transfer their Ll‐based default value to their L2 Chinese. The explanation for the variation in the acquisitionleis due both to syntactic and semantic/functional sources. Structural markedness and functional and pragmatic complexity are important factors in accounting for the variation in acquiringlefor Chines

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The most commonly recognized function of American English compliments and compliment responses is the expression and maintenance of solidarity between interlocutors. An analysis of Polish compliments and compliment responses collected in natural settings leads to the adoption of a distinction between procedural and relational solidarity. It is argued that many Polish compliments which are used in a manipulative or instrumental way are only procedurally solidary but not relationally solidary. Poles do not insist on establishing solidarity with each other by relying on formulaic speech patterns to the same degree that Americans do. Instead, they prefer other ways of maintaining (relational) solidarity, e.g. exchange of goods, services and information. Such exchanges may be, in part, triggered by the use of compliments.

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between silence and politeness. More specifically, it focuses on Brown and Levinson's ([1978] 1987) superstrategydon't do the FTA(face‐threatening act) ‐ remain silent. It explores the nature of this superstrategy and the extent to which silence can realise the other major strategies for dealing with FTAs. It is claimed that this strategy is of restricted applicability and different in nature from all the others. It is suggested that the function of silence in the framework of this theory could be better understood as a realisation of the other superstrategies. Moreover, close examination of this strategy casts further doubts on the claimed hierarchy of the strategies and the universal applicability of the mo

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first part of the article discusses professional language and communication in real‐life settings. It stresses that oral and written discourse are intertwined and that the construction of professional discourse is a dynamic process. Three layers are distinguished in this process: cognitive, social and societal. The second part contains a critical overview of research on language for specific purposes. The European perspective is contrasted with the American perspective, and different approaches are discussed in relation to the three layers. The third part develops ideas for a renewal of the field. The unification of studies of the written and spoken sides of communication and a more holistic and multidimensional approach to the study of professional communication are considered as essential for the field in the futur

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pronunciation seems to be back on the agenda in the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. This has resulted in a widelyfelt need to reorganise contents and methodology for this important area. The main reason for this would seem to be that the timehonoured segment‐centred approach is often experienced as unsatisfactory by learners and teachers alike. This paper reviews recent insights into the pragmatics of language use and language learning which point to the importance of larger prefabricated units. Much of the relevant work makes reference to lexicogrammar; this article is a programmatic attempt to examine related work done in different fields and to explore the usefulness of these ideas with relation to the learning and teaching of pronunciation. It is suggested that prefabricated chunks might be a useful starting point for a more holistic approach to pronunciation teaching, an approach that takes into account what is effective for learners to learn rather than what is convenient for teachers to teac

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY